Suchergebnisse

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES TECHNICAL DEMOCRACY IN COMMUNIST CHINA. MAO TSE-TUNG DEVELOPED A SYSTEM OF TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE MASS WORKER RATHER THAN ON THE EDUCATED EXPERT. THE INDUSTRIAL GOALS WERE TWOFOLD: (1) TO ALTER FOREIGN PRODUCTS TO GIVE THEM A CHINESE PATINA, AND (2) TO DEVELOP NEW PRODUCTS. THE SOCIAL POLICY WAS TO LOWER THE EXPERT TO THE LEVEL OF THE WORKER.

Intro -- HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA -- HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA: TRENDS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS* -- ABSTRACT -- OVERVIEW -- A MIXED PICTURE -- Selected Highlights from the State Department's Human Rights Report for 2007 -- The Birth of Civil Society -- Non-Governmental Organizations -- Human Rights Legislation -- Other Policy Developments -- Re-Education through Labor -- In the Provinces: Renewed Talk of Reform -- Recent Hopes and Disappointments -- 17th Party Congress -- Pre-Olympics Crackdown -- The Sichuan Earthquake and Civil Society -- SELECTED HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE AREAS -- Persecution of Political Dissent -- State Control of Information -- Religious and Ethnic Issues -- Christians in China -- Tibetan Protests -- Uighur Muslims -- Falun Gong -- VARIABLES OF CHANGE -- Central vs. Local Governments -- Rights Awareness and Legal Activism -- Social Unrest -- Mainstream Protests -- New Agents of Democracy? -- New Communications Technologies -- U.S. EFFORTS TO ADVANCE HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA -- Openly Criticizing China -- Human Rights Dialogue -- Rule of Law and Civil Society Programs -- Public Diplomacy -- Internet Freedom -- Labor Rights -- Congressional-Executive Commission on China -- FURTHER READING -- APPENDIX -- PROFILES OF SELECTED IMPRISONED DISSIDENTS AND ACTIVISTS[120] -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 INTERNET DEVELOPMENT AND INFORMATION CONTROL IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA* -- ABSTRACT -- INTERNET DEVELOPMENT AND USE IN CHINA[3] -- Censorship and Content Control of the Internet -- METHODS OF PRC INTERNET CENSORSHIP AND CONTENT CONTROL -- Legal Regulations -- September 25, 2005 Regulations -- Technical Methods of Content Filtering -- Cyber-Police, Punitive Action, and Self-Censorship -- U.S. PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN PRC INTERNET CENSORSHIP -- Yahoo and Shi Tao Case.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Abbreviations Used in Texts, Notes, and References -- PART ONE. Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Survey -- Chapter I. Introduction -- 1. Scope of Review -- 2. Standard References -- 3. Overview of Agricultural Systems -- Chapter II. Historical and Theoretical Perspectives -- 1. Historical Perspective -- 2. Theoretical Perspectives -- Chapter III. Food and Agricultural Policy -- 1. Agrarian Capitalism and Socialism -- 2. Planning and Agricultural Sector Modeling -- 3. Large versus Small Farms -- 4. Marketing Boards and Food Grain Boards -- 5. Agricultural Prices -- 6. Rural Development Programs -- 7. Accelerated Food Production Campaigns -- 8. Synthesis -- Chapter IV. Smallholder Farming -- 1. Institutions Carrying Out Farm Level Studies -- 2. Methodological Issues in Rural Surveys -- 3. Applications of Analytical Techniques -- 4. Research on Selected Topics -- 5. Synthesis -- Chapter V. Technical Change -- 1. Historical Perspective -- 2. Agronomic Research -- 3. Irrigation -- 4. Animal and Tractor Mechanization -- 5. Agricultural Extension -- 6. Farming Systems Research (FSR) -- Chapter VI. Livestock -- 1. Behavior of Herders: Empirical Evidence -- 2. Livestock Production: Major Issues for Researchers -- 3. Small Ruminants -- 4. Research Direction -- 5. Livestock References -- Chapter VII. Trade, Marketing, Credit and Consumption -- 1. International Agricultural Trade -- 2. Local Trade and Food Marketing -- 3. Transportation -- 4. Processing -- 5. Storage -- 6. Credit -- 7. Cooperatives -- 8. Consumption -- 9. Nutrition -- Chapter VIII. Migration, Employment, and Equity Issues -- 1. Income Distribution and Inequality -- 2. Population -- 3. Migration -- 4. Rural Employment -- 5. Women in Development -- 6. Rural Small-Scale Industry -- 7. Fisheries -- 8. Recovery of the Sahel.

Contents; Foreword; PART I. Farm Management and Production Economics, 1946-70; PART II. The Analysis of Productive Efficiency in Agricultural Marketing: Models, Methods, and Progress; PART III. Policy for Commercial Agriculture, 1945-71; PART IV. Postwar Policies Relating to Trade in Agricultural Products; PART V. Agricultural Price Analysis and Outlook; PART VI. Agricultural Finance and Capital Markets; PART VII. Technical Change in Agriculture

Abstract
The 5% Medicare Standard Analytic Files (SAF) are random samples used to analyze national trends in medical treatments, expenditures, and outcomes. Their utility in small-area or multilevel analyses is unknown. To demonstrate possible limitations of the 5% SAF for analysis of health behaviors in small areas. We use descriptive Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests and mapping to explore consistency in the 5% representation of the 100% population in states and counties. We conduct multilevel modeling of individual utilization of mammography or endoscopy services for cancer screening and contrast findings across the 5% and 100% files. Subjects are enrolled in both parts A and B Medicare coverage and ages 65–104, alive and residing in the same state, with no gaps in coverage during the study period. Identically defined groups are drawn from the 5% SAF and 100% population claims and denominator files. The Chi-square tests of homogeneous population subgroups in 5% and 100% files exhibit significant differences in 7 of 8 states. Maps confirm this among states' counties and find that one state is generally under-represented by the 5% SAF, while others show areas with variable representation. Multilevel modeling results are largely consistent across the partitions of the data, but 5% sample models have much lower statistical power. Area-level covariate effect estimates show some differences across the two datasets. Multilevel modeling with contextual variables may be misleading in small area analyses conducted using 5% Medicare SAFs. Provider supply and market characteristics show inconsistent results. Disparities research may benefit from 100% files to provide statistical power needed to detect meaningful differences. This is significant because the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have recently curtailed permissions to use the 100% files. These 100% files are one of few sources of population data available in the U.S. that are representative of small areas in the U.S.. In times of constrained budgets, using population data files is essential so that resources can be targeted to areas robustly identified as having greatest need or gaps in outcomes.

This paper presents a set of best practices and lessons learned from a set of 93 impact evaluations conducted on community-level, small grants activities implemented between March 2003 and September 2007 by the Sri Lanka country programme of the Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It analyses the change theories that guided programme development and common trends in impact which emerged, and discusses ways in which programme staff can improve project impact. It provides a working definition of 'process', a key element of OTI's approach and a key concept used by facilitators to understand the work they do with groups and communities. It also delineates a general typology of peacebuilding projects likely to emerge in the community setting. Finally, it formulates a postulate for predicting and observing generic programme impact based upon the relative richness of process, which is considered useful for informing further research design.