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In this article, we argue that the degree to which audience costs work depends on the challenger state's leader stability. Unlike in the previous literature, we attempt to depart from a simple categorical comparison among regime types. Instead, we argue that the magnitude of audience costs varies continuously throughout the spectrum of a leader's stability. We employ probit regression with a squared term of stability, utilizing a large-N dataset of international conflicts provided by Militarized Interstate Dispute. Empirical results suggest a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between a challenger's stability and a target's probability of reciprocation. As the challenger's stability decreases, a target of interstate military conflict is less likely to reciprocate, that is, audience costs are more likely to be generated when a challenger is less stable. However, a target is less likely to concede as stability goes below a certain level because outside actors cannot learn the challenger's political patterns and intentions. Such findings imply that audience costs would be the highest at a moderate level of instability.

We examined our assumption that expatriate managers' cross-cultural motivation is an important antecedent of host country national employees' organizational identification. We also explored our belief that tertius iungens-oriented coordination (i.e., management behavior that focuses
on building trust and cooperation between headquarters and subsidiaries) partially accounts for the impact of expatriate managers' cross-cultural motivation on host country national employees' organizational identification. Results of our analysis of multilevel data from 76 Korean expatriate
managers and 228 host country national employees working in Chinese subsidiaries, supported our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

We examined the role of the chief executive officer's (CEO) learning goal orientation in the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational creativity in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME). With data from 64 Korean SME from different respondents
(CEOs and HRM managers), we examined the congruence of messages between formality represented by knowledge-sharing HRM practices and informality symbolized by the CEO's learning goal orientation in fostering organizational creativity. According to the analytical results, appraisal based on
the extent of knowledge sharing enhanced organizational creativity when the CEO's learning goal orientation was high by sending congruent messages but not by monetary reward systems to promote knowledge sharing. The results have important theoretical and practical implications for the fit
between formality/informality and organizational creativity in SME.

IntroductionPregnant women are often concerned about the impact of antidepressant medication use on their pregnancy, such as congenital abnormalities. This concern may vary in a way that depends on the class of antidepressant medication prescribed.
Objectives and ApproachThis study examined the rate of adherence and persistence to antidepressants based on the class of antidepressants prescribed during pregnancy This is a retrospective cohort study using population-based administrative data in Alberta– linking delivery record, hospitalization data, physician claims data, emergency department data, and prescription medication data. The eligible study population included women with depression who gave birth between 2012-2015, and were adherent (medication possession ratio ≥80%) to ≥ 2 consecutive antidepressant prescriptions during the preconception year (n=1,865). The rates of adherence and persistence (prescription refill gap ≤30 days) were calculated by medication class and were compared using chi-square tests.
ResultsDuring pregnancy, 834 (44.7%) women completely stopped taking antidepressants. Among those taking antidepressants, the overall rate of adherence was 62.6% (95% CI: 59.4%, 65.7%). The rate differed significantly by medication class (p<0.0001), with rate of 75.1% (95% CI: 68.3%, 80.9%) for serotonin-norepinephrine inhibitors, 60.9% (95% CI: 57.2%, 64.5%) for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 42.9% (95% CI: 19.9%, 69.2%) for non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors, and 37.5% (95% CI: 22.4%, 55.4%) for the atypical antidepressants. Similarly, 40.7%, (95% CI: 37.5, 44.0) of women were persistent to antidepressants up to the full pregnancy period – similar to the adherence pattern, the rate differed significantly by medication class.
Conclusion/ImplicationsAdherence to and persistence in using antidepressants is low during pregnancy and it varies by medication class, possessing to the worsening of depression symptoms. This could be improved by conducting more research on drug safety during pregnancy and translating research evidence into treatment decision and correcting mothers' misperceptions towards antidepressants.

IntroductionMedical therapy to maintain disease remission is important in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as disease flares can predispose adverse materno-fetal outcomes. However, women with IBD are more concerned about medication exposure on their newborn during pregnancy, and often discontinue their medications.
Objectives and ApproachWe assessed the rate of disease flare on medication adherence pattern during pregnancy for women with IBD. Validated case definition was used to identify women with IBD from the Albertan's hospitalization, emergency room, and physician claims databases (2010-2016). Pharmaceutical Information Network provided the dispensed medications. Adherence to medication was defined by medical possession ratio (MPR)≥0.8. Women with two consecutive prescriptions and MPR≥0.8 during pre-conception were included. Disease flare was defined by ≥1 hospitalization or emergency visit for IBD, or ≥1 prescription for steroids/rectal therapy. Chi-square tests and log binomial regression were used; covariates included age, drug class, and IBD subtypes.
ResultsOf the 370 women identified with IBD, 170 (45.9%) women were adherent to maintenance IBD medications in the one year prior to pregnancy. During pregnancy, 47 (27.6%; 95% CI: 21.4% to 34.9%) women, who demonstrated adherence in the pre-conception period, discontinued or were not adherent to their IBD medications, and 67 (39.4%; 95% CI: 32.3% to 47.0%) women had a disease flare during pregnancy. There was no significant difference between adherence to medication during pregnancy and a disease flare during pregnancy (p=0.38). In comparing women who were not adherent or discontinued their medication to those that were adherent, the adjusted relative risk ratio for a disease flare during pregnancy was 1.22 (95% CI: 0.81 to 2.04).
Conclusion/ImplicationsThe rate of disease flare during pregnancy was not significantly different for women with IBD that were adherent or not-adherent to their IBD medications during pregnancy. Future analysis will assess the rate of disease flare on medication adherence pattern prior to pregnancy.

We examined how compassion can alleviate employees' negative emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. On the basis of self-regulatory resources theory, we hypothesized that there would be relationships between the 2 mediating variables of self-esteem and self-efficacy, and the dependent variables
of anxiety, burnout, workplace deviance, and intention to quit. We collected data on these variables from 284 nurses, who work in a stressful job that necessitates compassion from colleagues, to test our theoretical model. The results revealed that compassion alleviated negative emotions (anxiety
and burnout), behavior (workplace deviance), and thoughts (intention to quit), with both self-esteem and self-efficacy having mediating effects. Thus, we demonstrated the specific path through which compassion can have positive effects on an organization's employees. We discuss the observed
relationship between compassion and self-regulation, and theoretical contributions regarding differences between self-esteem and self-efficacy, as well as between anxiety and burnout.

IntroductionData quality assessment is a challenging facet for researches using coded administrative health data. Our previous study had demonstrated the potentials of association rule mining to assess data quality. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a set of coding association rules for data quality assessment.
Objectives and ApproachWe used the Canadian reabstracted hospital discharge abstract data (DAD) with clinical diagnosis coded in International Classification of Disease – 10th revision, Canada (ICD-10-CA) codes for rule development. The DAD data were divided into 5 age groups. Association rule mining were conducted on reabstracted DAD in each age group to extract ICD-10 coding association rules at the three and four digits levels. The rule strength was assessed using support and confidence. The rules will be reviewed by a panel of 5 physicians and 2 coding specialists to assess their appropriateness from clinical and coding perspectives using a modified Delphi rating
ResultsIn total, 975 rules at the three digits level and 822 rules at the four digits level were learned from the data. Half of the rules were in the age group of ≥65 and no rules were found in the age group of 5 to 19. The interquartile range of rule confidences were 0.112 to 0.425 in the three digits level and 0.073 to 0.222 in the four digits level. Two-thirds of rules had the diagnosis codes related to endocrine and metabolic disorders and diseases of circulatory, respiratory and genitourinary systems. The panel review will be conducted in early April and will have the final set of rules available before the conference.
Conclusion/ImplicationsThis study developed a set of validated ICD-10 coding association rules and creates a useful tool to cost-effectively assess data quality in routinely collected administrative health data.

Conventional or non-conventional chemical threat is gaining huge attention due to its unpredictable and mass destructive effects. Typical military protective suits have drawbacks such as high weight, bulky structure, and unpredictable lifetime. A durable, light, and scalable graphene e-fabric was fabricated from CVD-grown graphene by a simple co-lamination method. The sheet resistance was below 1 kΩ/sq over the wide surface area even after 1000 bending cycles. A graphene triboelectric nanogenerator showed the peak V(OC) of 68 V and the peak I(CC) of 14.4 μA and 1 μF capacitor was charged successfully in less than 1 s. A wearable chemical sensor was also fabricated and showed a sensitivity up to 53% for nerve chemical warfare agents (GD). DFT calculations were conducted to unveil the fundamental mechanisms underlying the graphene e-fabric sensor. Additionally, protection against chemical warfare agents was tested, and a design concept of graphene-based intelligent protective clothing has been proposed.

The antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) using saliva specimens is fast, noninvasive, and suitable for SARS-CoV-2 self-testing, unlike nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) testing. We evaluated a novel Beanguard gargle (BG)-based virus collection method that can be applied to Ag-RDT as an alternative to the current RT-PCR with an NPS for early diagnosis of COVID-19. This clinical trial comprised 102 COVID-19-positive patients hospitalized after a governmental screening process and 100 healthy individuals. Paired NPS and BG-based saliva specimens from COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals were analyzed using NPS-RT-PCR, BG-RT-PCR, and BG-Ag-RDTs, whose diagnostic performance for detecting SARS-CoV-2 was compared. BG-Ag-RDTs showed high sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (100%) in 45 patients within 6 days of illness and detected all cases of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants. In 11 asymptomatic active COVID-19 cases, both BG-Ag-RDTs and BG-RT-PCR showed sensitivities and specificities of 100%. Sensitivities of BG-Ag-RDT and BG-RT-PCR toward salivary viral detection were highly concordant, with no discrimination between symptomatic (97.0%), asymptomatic (100%), or SARS-CoV-2 variant (100%) cases. The intermolecular interactions between SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and truncated canavalin, an active ingredient from the bean extract (BE), were observed in terms of physicochemical properties. The detachment of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain from hACE2 increased as the BE concentration increased, allowing the release of the virus from hACE2 for early diagnosis. Using BG-based saliva specimens remarkably enhances the Ag-RDT diagnostic performance as an alternative to NPS and enables noninvasive, rapid, and accurate COVID-19 self-testing and mass screening, supporting efficient COVID-19 management. IMPORTANCE An Ag-RDT is less likely to be accepted as an initial test method for early diagnosis owing to its low sensitivity. However, our self-collection method, Ag-RDT using BG-based saliva specimens, showed ...

This project explores participatory planning and community design methodologies (i.e. pattern language design, placemaking, community planning charrettes, planning-in-situ, open planning and peer to peer urbanism) to revitalize a service alleyway in downtown Montreal. The objective of this project is to democratize planning and urban design practices and to engage ordinary citizens in the planning of their own spaces. After a series of visioning workshops, brainstorming sessions and a community planning charrette, this project incorporates inputs from stakeholders, students and ordinary citizens into a collaborative urban design project. The project proposes interventions such as a woonerf, a planning committee, a cubic/fractal scaffolding structure, art murals and wall projections (among others). With the objective of encouraging future adaptations and transformations, this project is published under a Creative Commons license. Adopt and adapt these ideas (but cite and acknowledge accordingly).