Suchergebnisse

This study offers an exploration of the role of merchants throughout maritime history through the analysis of maritime trade networks. It attempts to fill in the gaps in the historiography to determine the range of activities that maritime merchants undertook. It is comprised of nine chapters: one introductory, and eight exploring aspects of merchant history across Europe during the period 1640 to 1940. Several major themes recur throughout these studies: the necessity of port networks; the extension of trade networks through merchant migration and in-migration; the assimilation of merchants into port communities; and the impact of urban governance and trade associations on merchant activity. It concludes by claiming merchants across Europe had a more common with one another when approaching risk management than has previously been assumed, and that the at the core of the merchant's risk management strategy the question of who they could trust with their trade is a universally unifying factor. It suggests that further research on the demographics of ports is the necessary next step in merchant historiography

1. 'Tradition' and the peasantry : on the modern historiography of rural Germany / Ian Farr -- 2. Peasants and markets : the background to the Agrarian reforms in feudal Prussia East of the Elbe, 1760-1807 / Hartmut Harnisch -- 3. The junkers' faithless servants : peasant insubordination and the breakdown of serfdom in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1763-1811 / William W. Hagen -- 4. The rural proletariat : the everyday life of rural labourers in the Magdeburg region, 1830-1880 / Hainer Plaul -- 5. Farmers and factory workers : rural society in imperial Germany : the example of Maudach / Cathleen S. Catt -- 6. Peasants and farmers' maids : female farm servants in Bavaria at the end of the nineteenth century / Regina Schulte -- 7. The sins of the fathers : village society and social control in the Weimar Republic / Gerhard Wilke -- 8. Peasants, poverty and population : economic and political factors in the family structure of the working village people in the Magdeburg region, 1900-39 / Gisela Griepentrog -- 9. Peasant customs and social structure : rural marriage festivals in the Magdeburg region in the 1920s / Christel Heinrich -- 10. Peasants and others : the historical contours of village class society / Wolfgang Kaschuba -- 11. The rules of the village : on the cultural history of the peasant world in the last 150 years / Utz Jeggle.

1. The German family : a critical survey of the current state of historical research / Robert Lee -- 2. Family and role-division : the polarisation of sexual stereotypes in the nineteenth century -- an aspect of the dissociation of work and family life / Karin Hausen -- 3. Family and 'modernisation' : the peasant family and social change in nineteenth-century Bavaria / Robert Lee -- 4. Family and household : social structures in a German village between the two world wars / Gerhard Wilke and Kurt Wagner -- 5. Women, family and death : excess mortality of women in child-bearing age in four communities in nineteenth-century Germany / Arthur E. Imhof -- 6. The family life-cycle : a study of factory workers in nineteenth-century Wurttemberg / Heilwig Schomerus -- 7. Overcrowding and family life : working-class families and the housing crisis in late nineteenth-century Duisburg / James H. Jackson -- 8. Women's work and the family : women garment workers in Berlin and Hamburg before the First World War / Robyn Dasey -- 9. Politics and the family : social democracy and the working-class family in theory and practice before 1914 / Richard J. Evans.

Even after the unification of Germany in 1871, political power continued to be fragmented. The Bismarckian constitution was superimposed on a collection of previously independent states: it acknowledged their continued existence as historical regions, granted them their own constitutions, state parliaments, and extensive legislative and executive powers. At a regional level, different perceptions of the appropriate role of the state continued to exist, with Prussian centralism contrasting with the laissez-faire amateurism of Bremen and Hamburg. The creation of centralized Reich (German Empire) agencies, such as the Imperial Health Office, failed to guarantee an effective implementation of German Empire decrees, and the administrative structure of individual states remained diverse. Indeed despite increasing pressure to create a uniform nation state and standardized administrative procedures, there were still 25 separate states in 1914. In relation to the structure of medical services and the formulation of medical policy, a significant degree of regional variation persisted into the twentieth century.