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"The cutting-off way of war recasts Indigenous warfare via the lived realities of Indigenous people. Lacking deep reserves, subject to coercive military recruitment, and wary of heavy casualties that tended to amass from siege warfare, Indigenous warriors generally sought to surprise their targets, and the size of the target varied with the size of the attacking force. Lee demonstrates how it worked, detailing Indigenous warfare from precontact through the American Revolution"--

Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History provides a wide-ranging examination of war in human history, from the beginning of the species until the current rise of the so-called Islamic State. Although it covers many societies throughout time, the book does not attempt to tell all stories from all places, nor does it try to narrate "important" conflicts. Instead, author Wayne E. Lee describes the emergence of military innovations and systems, examining how they were created and then how they moved or affected other societies. These innovations are central to most historical narratives, including the development of social complexity, the rise of the state, the role of the steppe horseman, the spread of gunpowder, the rise of the west, the bureaucratization of military institutions, the industrial revolution and the rise of firepower, strategic bombing and nuclear weapons, and the creation of "people's war."

Barbarians and subjects : the perfect storm of wartime violence in sixteenth century Ireland -- Sir Henry Sidney and the mutiny at Clonmel, 1569 -- The Earls of Essex, 1575 and 1599 -- Competing for the people : codes, military culture, and clubmen in the English Civil War -- Sir William Waller, 1644 -- The clubmen, 1645 -- Peace chiefs and blood revenge : Native American warfare -- Wingina, Ralph Lane, and the Roanoke Colony of 1586 -- Old brims and Chipacasi, 1725 -- Gentility and atrocity : the Continental Army and the American Revolution -- "One bold stroke" : Washington and the British in Pennsylvania, 1777-78 -- "Malice enough in our hearts" : Sullivan and the Iroquois, 1779 -- Conclusion : Limited war and hard war in the American Civil War

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps -- 1. Projecting Power in the Early Modern World -- 2. Gaining the Diplomatic Edge -- 3. The Military Revolution of Native North America -- 4. Revolution, Evolution, or Devolution -- 5. Muscovite-Nomad Relations on the Steppe Frontier before 1800 and the Development of Russia's "Inclusive" Imperialism -- 6. Ottoman Ethnographies of Warfare, 1500–1800 -- 7. Firearms, Diplomacy, and Conquest in Angola -- 8. The Opportunities and Limits of Ethnic Soldiering -- 9. Deploying Tribes and Clans -- 10. "Cleansing the Land" -- Contributors -- Index

The early modern period (c. 1500-1800) of world history is characterized by the establishment and aggressive expansion of European empires, and warfare between imperial powers and Indigenous peoples was a central component of the quest for global dominance. From the Portuguese in Africa to the Russians and Ottomans in Central Asia, empire builders could not avoid military interactions with Native populations, and many discovered that imperial expansion was impossible without the cooperation, and, in some cases, alliances with the natives they encountered in the new worlds they sought to rule.

Discussions of the escalation in the intensity and lethality of European–Native American warfare lack a systematic catalog of Indian restraints on war, in contrast to the extensive literature on European warfare. This article surveys eastern Native American societies at war from roughly 1500 to 1800 for limits on destructive potential and intent. Although Indian societies were willing to seek to destroy an enemy, including indiscriminate killing, patterns of restraint inherent to their social authority, cultural values, and methods of warfare tended to limit escalation and the overall level of violence. The dissonance of patterns of restraint in Indian and European warfare contributed to Euro-Indian escalation.