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The Luxembourgish sociolinguistic context, structured around a pluriglossy inscribed diachronically in a secular history, calls for specific language arrangements for the purpose of addressing a particular demographic situation in which nearly 50% of residents are foreign nationals. Varieties imported by foreigners are combined with this historical national trilingualism and widely disseminated within the economic sphere.The first part of this thesis therefore lists the conditions for the existence of a "language policy" according to a historical and geographical context that justifies the presence of linguistic varieties in a given territory. It is intended to base a definition of these varieties on three perspectives: a morphological perspective, a symbolic perspective, and a sociological perspective. Language, seen as a component of a linguistic ecology – according to Einar Haugen –, involves complex political and social arrangements that govern its management according to its propagation environment. The descriptive analysis then focuses on the study of these organisational systems of planning or development, which are translated into national language policies.The second part focuses on current language policies in Luxembourg, which are strained between the dual objective of promoting the national variety, Luxembourgish, and of attracting, by economic necessity, a massive workforce divided into two major groups: French speakers and English speakers. The analysis is based on a double corpus consisting, on the one hand, of a collection of interviews conducted with actors involved in the implementation of these local language policies, and on the other hand, a collection of questionnaires distributed to a sample of foreigners residing and working in the country. Their study reveals a complex sociolinguistic situation which disrupts the hierarchical ranking of the three national languages - French, German and Luxembourgish. The successive linguistic arrangements attempt to reconcile these antagonisms by implying the hypothesis of a progressive orientation of plurilingualism towards a legal predominance of the national language, possibly leading, in the long term, to an official affirmation of a Luxembourg speaking monolinguism. ; Le contexte sociolinguistique luxembourgeois, structuré autour d'une pluriglossie inscrite diachroniquement dans une histoire séculaire, appelle des aménagements linguistiques spécifiques face à une situation démographique particulière dans laquelle près de 50 % des résidents sont des ressortissants étrangers. Autour du trilinguisme national historique s'agrègent des variétés importées par les étrangers et largement diffusées dans la sphère économique. Une première partie recense donc les conditions d'existence d'une « politique linguistique » selon un contexte historique et géographique qui justifie la présence des variétés linguistiques sur un territoire donné. Une définition de ces variétés se propose de les cerner sous trois perspectives : une perspective morphologique ; une perspective symbolique ; une perspective sociologique. Le cas paradigmatique de la langue luxembourgeoise sert de support empirique à la démonstration. La langue, perçue comme composante d'une écologie linguistique – d'après Einar Haugen -, implique des aménagements politiques et sociaux complexes qui président à sa gestion selon son milieu de propagation. L'analyse descriptive porte alors sur l'étude de ces systèmes organisateurs de planification ou aménagements et qui se traduisent par des politiques linguistiques nationales. La deuxième partie se concentre sur les politiques linguistiques à l'œuvre au Luxembourg, tendues entre le double objectif de promouvoir la variété nationale, le luxembourgeois, et d'attirer, par nécessité économique, une main-d'œuvre massive qui se répartit en deux groupes majeurs : les francophones et les anglophones. L'analyse s'appuie sur un double corpus constitué, d'une part, du recueil d'entretiens menés auprès d'acteurs impliqués dans la mise en place de ces politiques linguistiques locales ; d'autre part, d'une collecte de questionnaires distribués à un échantillon d'étrangers résidant et travaillant dans le pays. Leur étude fait apparaître une situation sociolinguistique complexe qui bouleverse le classement hiérarchique des trois langues nationales - le français, l'allemand et le luxembourgeois. Les aménagements linguistiques successifs tentent de concilier ces antagonismes en émettant l'hypothèse d'une orientation progressive du plurilinguisme vers une prédominance juridique de la langue nationale conduisant éventuellement, à terme, à une affirmation officielle d'un monolinguisme luxembourgophone.

The Luxembourgish sociolinguistic context, structured around a pluriglossy inscribed diachronically in a secular history, calls for specific language arrangements for the purpose of addressing a particular demographic situation in which nearly 50% of residents are foreign nationals. Varieties imported by foreigners are combined with this historical national trilingualism and widely disseminated within the economic sphere.The first part of this thesis therefore lists the conditions for the existence of a "language policy" according to a historical and geographical context that justifies the presence of linguistic varieties in a given territory. It is intended to base a definition of these varieties on three perspectives: a morphological perspective, a symbolic perspective, and a sociological perspective. Language, seen as a component of a linguistic ecology – according to Einar Haugen –, involves complex political and social arrangements that govern its management according to its propagation environment. The descriptive analysis then focuses on the study of these organisational systems of planning or development, which are translated into national language policies.The second part focuses on current language policies in Luxembourg, which are strained between the dual objective of promoting the national variety, Luxembourgish, and of attracting, by economic necessity, a massive workforce divided into two major groups: French speakers and English speakers. The analysis is based on a double corpus consisting, on the one hand, of a collection of interviews conducted with actors involved in the implementation of these local language policies, and on the other hand, a collection of questionnaires distributed to a sample of foreigners residing and working in the country. Their study reveals a complex sociolinguistic situation which disrupts the hierarchical ranking of the three national languages - French, German and Luxembourgish. The successive linguistic arrangements attempt to reconcile these antagonisms by ...

International audience ; Abstract. Diastratic variations of French in the Grand Duchy of Luxe mbourg. In the Luxembourg triglossia-German, French, Luxembourg-French holds a special place because both its status and its expansion have varied in the recent history of the country. Literary language of the elite at the time of independence in 1831 in a German-speaking country, French experienced a peak of social diffusion during the second half of the twentieth century, following a strong need for hand-Belgium and France, as well as mainly Portuguese immigration. This "democratization" of French was accompanied by a devaluation for Luxembourgers calling into question its status as an official language of the Grand Duchy. ; Dans la triglossie luxembourgeoise-allemand, français, luxembourgeois-le français tient une place particulière puisque tant son statut que son expansion ont varié au cours de l'histoire récente du pays. Langue littéraire de l'élite à l'époque de l'indépendance en 1831 d ans un pays germanophone le français connait un pic de diffusion sociale durant la deuxième moitié du XX e siècle, suite à un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre issue de la Belgique et de la France voisines ainsi que de l'immigration principalement portugaise. Cette « démocratisation » du français s'accompagne alors d'une dévalorisation pour les Luxembourgeois remettant en cause son statut de langue officielle du Grand-Duché.

The Luxembourgish sociolinguistic context, structured around a pluriglossy inscribed diachronically in a secular history, calls for specific language arrangements for the purpose of addressing a particular demographic situation in which nearly 50% of residents are foreign nationals. Varieties imported by foreigners are combined with this historical national trilingualism and widely disseminated within the economic sphere.The first part of this thesis therefore lists the conditions for the existence of a "language policy" according to a historical and geographical context that justifies the presence of linguistic varieties in a given territory. It is intended to base a definition of these varieties on three perspectives: a morphological perspective, a symbolic perspective, and a sociological perspective. Language, seen as a component of a linguistic ecology – according to Einar Haugen –, involves complex political and social arrangements that govern its management according to its propagation environment. The descriptive analysis then focuses on the study of these organisational systems of planning or development, which are translated into national language policies.The second part focuses on current language policies in Luxembourg, which are strained between the dual objective of promoting the national variety, Luxembourgish, and of attracting, by economic necessity, a massive workforce divided into two major groups: French speakers and English speakers. The analysis is based on a double corpus consisting, on the one hand, of a collection of interviews conducted with actors involved in the implementation of these local language policies, and on the other hand, a collection of questionnaires distributed to a sample of foreigners residing and working in the country. Their study reveals a complex sociolinguistic situation which disrupts the hierarchical ranking of the three national languages - French, German and Luxembourgish. The successive linguistic arrangements attempt to reconcile these antagonisms by ...

The Luxembourgish sociolinguistic context, structured around a pluriglossy inscribed diachronically in a secular history, calls for specific language arrangements for the purpose of addressing a particular demographic situation in which nearly 50% of residents are foreign nationals. Varieties imported by foreigners are combined with this historical national trilingualism and widely disseminated within the economic sphere.The first part of this thesis therefore lists the conditions for the existence of a "language policy" according to a historical and geographical context that justifies the presence of linguistic varieties in a given territory. It is intended to base a definition of these varieties on three perspectives: a morphological perspective, a symbolic perspective, and a sociological perspective. Language, seen as a component of a linguistic ecology – according to Einar Haugen –, involves complex political and social arrangements that govern its management according to its propagation environment. The descriptive analysis then focuses on the study of these organisational systems of planning or development, which are translated into national language policies.The second part focuses on current language policies in Luxembourg, which are strained between the dual objective of promoting the national variety, Luxembourgish, and of attracting, by economic necessity, a massive workforce divided into two major groups: French speakers and English speakers. The analysis is based on a double corpus consisting, on the one hand, of a collection of interviews conducted with actors involved in the implementation of these local language policies, and on the other hand, a collection of questionnaires distributed to a sample of foreigners residing and working in the country. Their study reveals a complex sociolinguistic situation which disrupts the hierarchical ranking of the three national languages - French, German and Luxembourgish. The successive linguistic arrangements attempt to reconcile these antagonisms by ...

International audience ; Abstract. Diastratic variations of French in the Grand Duchy of Luxe mbourg. In the Luxembourg triglossia-German, French, Luxembourg-French holds a special place because both its status and its expansion have varied in the recent history of the country. Literary language of the elite at the time of independence in 1831 in a German-speaking country, French experienced a peak of social diffusion during the second half of the twentieth century, following a strong need for hand-Belgium and France, as well as mainly Portuguese immigration. This "democratization" of French was accompanied by a devaluation for Luxembourgers calling into question its status as an official language of the Grand Duchy. ; Dans la triglossie luxembourgeoise-allemand, français, luxembourgeois-le français tient une place particulière puisque tant son statut que son expansion ont varié au cours de l'histoire récente du pays. Langue littéraire de l'élite à l'époque de l'indépendance en 1831 d ans un pays germanophone le français connait un pic de diffusion sociale durant la deuxième moitié du XX e siècle, suite à un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre issue de la Belgique et de la France voisines ainsi que de l'immigration principalement portugaise. Cette « démocratisation » du français s'accompagne alors d'une dévalorisation pour les Luxembourgeois remettant en cause son statut de langue officielle du Grand-Duché.

The Luxembourgish sociolinguistic context, structured around a pluriglossy inscribed diachronically in a secular history, calls for specific language arrangements for the purpose of addressing a particular demographic situation in which nearly 50% of residents are foreign nationals. Varieties imported by foreigners are combined with this historical national trilingualism and widely disseminated within the economic sphere.The first part of this thesis therefore lists the conditions for the existence of a "language policy" according to a historical and geographical context that justifies the presence of linguistic varieties in a given territory. It is intended to base a definition of these varieties on three perspectives: a morphological perspective, a symbolic perspective, and a sociological perspective. Language, seen as a component of a linguistic ecology – according to Einar Haugen –, involves complex political and social arrangements that govern its management according to its propagation environment. The descriptive analysis then focuses on the study of these organisational systems of planning or development, which are translated into national language policies.The second part focuses on current language policies in Luxembourg, which are strained between the dual objective of promoting the national variety, Luxembourgish, and of attracting, by economic necessity, a massive workforce divided into two major groups: French speakers and English speakers. The analysis is based on a double corpus consisting, on the one hand, of a collection of interviews conducted with actors involved in the implementation of these local language policies, and on the other hand, a collection of questionnaires distributed to a sample of foreigners residing and working in the country. Their study reveals a complex sociolinguistic situation which disrupts the hierarchical ranking of the three national languages - French, German and Luxembourgish. The successive linguistic arrangements attempt to reconcile these antagonisms by ...

International audience ; The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a trilingual state in which all residents have the choice of using Luxembourgish, French or German to express themselves since the Law on the Language Regime of the 24 th of February 1984 which recognizes and ratifies their official and unlimited coexistence. However, the Luxembourgish language, as the only national language of Luxembourg, has undergone a recent quality change in the country's history. From simple oral and regional variety of the High German, it acquired the status of language to support an identity and political demand of the population during the Second World War: to dissociate itself from Nazi Germany and to affirm its cultural peculiarity. The analysis of the Luxembourg case then raises the question of language not only from the point of view of its morphology but also of its socio-political role. ; Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg se présente comme un État institutionnellement trilingue dans lequel tous les résidents ont le loisir d'utiliser au choix le luxembourgeois, le français ou l'allemand pour s'exprimer depuis la loi sur le régime des langues du 24 février 1984 qui reconnaît et entérine leur coexistence officielle et illimitée. Toutefois, le luxembourgeois, en tant que seule langue nationale du Luxembourg, a connu un changement de qualité récent dans l'histoire du pays. De simple variété orale et régionale du haut-allemand, il a acquis le statut de langue pour servir de support à une revendication identitaire et politique de la population lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : se dissocier de l'Allemagne nazie et affirmer sa particularité culturelle inaliénable. L'analyse du cas luxembourgeois pose alors la question de la langue non pas uniquement du point de vue de sa morphologie mais surtout de celui de son rôle socio-politique.

International audience ; The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a trilingual state in which all residents have the choice of using Luxembourgish, French or German to express themselves since the Law on the Language Regime of the 24 th of February 1984 which recognizes and ratifies their official and unlimited coexistence. However, the Luxembourgish language, as the only national language of Luxembourg, has undergone a recent quality change in the country's history. From simple oral and regional variety of the High German, it acquired the status of language to support an identity and political demand of the population during the Second World War: to dissociate itself from Nazi Germany and to affirm its cultural peculiarity. The analysis of the Luxembourg case then raises the question of language not only from the point of view of its morphology but also of its socio-political role. ; Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg se présente comme un État institutionnellement trilingue dans lequel tous les résidents ont le loisir d'utiliser au choix le luxembourgeois, le français ou l'allemand pour s'exprimer depuis la loi sur le régime des langues du 24 février 1984 qui reconnaît et entérine leur coexistence officielle et illimitée. Toutefois, le luxembourgeois, en tant que seule langue nationale du Luxembourg, a connu un changement de qualité récent dans l'histoire du pays. De simple variété orale et régionale du haut-allemand, il a acquis le statut de langue pour servir de support à une revendication identitaire et politique de la population lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : se dissocier de l'Allemagne nazie et affirmer sa particularité culturelle inaliénable. L'analyse du cas luxembourgeois pose alors la question de la langue non pas uniquement du point de vue de sa morphologie mais surtout de celui de son rôle socio-politique.

International audience ; Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg se présente comme un État institutionnellement trilingue dans lequel tous les résidents ont le loisir d'utiliser au choix le luxembourgeois, le français ou l'allemand pour s'exprimer depuis la loi sur le régime des langues du 24 février 1984 qui reconnaît et entérine leur coexistence officielle et illimitée. Toutefois, le luxembourgeois, en tant que seule langue nationale du Luxembourg, a connu un changement de qualité récent dans l'histoire du pays. De simple variété orale et régionale du haut-allemand, il a acquis le statut de langue pour servir de support à une revendication identitaire et politique de la population lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : se dissocier de l'Allemagne nazie et affirmer sa particularité culturelle inaliénable. L'analyse du cas luxembourgeois pose alors la question de la langue non pas uniquement du point de vue de sa morphologie mais surtout de celui de son rôle socio-politique.

International audience ; The paper briefly presents the historical and sociolinguistic landscape of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in order to understand the diachronic origin of national institutional triglossia. This perspective attempts to shed light on the fact that Luxembourg has chosen not to produce national textbooks for secondary education. Now, with historians Marc Ferro and Gilbert Trausch agreeing that history and geography textbooks are the primary vectors of "national narrative" and the perception of international issues affecting the state, this perspective raises the following questions:- What arguments does the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg put forward to justify the lack of national production of textbooks?How, then, does the Grand Duchy elaborate its national narrative and distinguish it from the countries from which it borrows its textbooks?- How is Luxembourg conceived in the European Union?Promoted by national multilingualism, Luxembourg chose between German or French textbooks on the teaching of history and geography at the secondary level, all students supposed to use German and French interchangeably as languages of schooling. . However, the classical and technical sectors differ in terms of language. The classical system favors German, the technical system French. In fact, 46% of the resident population is of foreign nationality, 30% of whom are of "Roman-speaking" origin. Children from these linguistic communities constitute the main group of students who fail school due to lack of fluency in German, the main language of primary schooling. Thus, technical education, considered more "accessible", favors French textbooks written in a language more familiar to students, where history and geography are partially integrated into the French curriculum.In addition to the financial gain of an economy of production of own manuals, the country advances the argument of the methodological perspective of different foreign approaches and its benefit for the local faculty and students.The local ...

International audience ; Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg se présente comme un État institutionnellement trilingue dans lequel tous les résidents ont le loisir d'utiliser au choix le luxembourgeois, le français ou l'allemand pour s'exprimer depuis la loi sur le régime des langues du 24 février 1984 qui reconnaît et entérine leur coexistence officielle et illimitée. Toutefois, le luxembourgeois, en tant que seule langue nationale du Luxembourg, a connu un changement de qualité récent dans l'histoire du pays. De simple variété orale et régionale du haut-allemand, il a acquis le statut de langue pour servir de support à une revendication identitaire et politique de la population lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : se dissocier de l'Allemagne nazie et affirmer sa particularité culturelle inaliénable. L'analyse du cas luxembourgeois pose alors la question de la langue non pas uniquement du point de vue de sa morphologie mais surtout de celui de son rôle socio-politique.

International audience ; The paper briefly presents the historical and sociolinguistic landscape of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in order to understand the diachronic origin of national institutional triglossia. This perspective attempts to shed light on the fact that Luxembourg has chosen not to produce national textbooks for secondary education. Now, with historians Marc Ferro and Gilbert Trausch agreeing that history and geography textbooks are the primary vectors of "national narrative" and the perception of international issues affecting the state, this perspective raises the following questions:- What arguments does the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg put forward to justify the lack of national production of textbooks?How, then, does the Grand Duchy elaborate its national narrative and distinguish it from the countries from which it borrows its textbooks?- How is Luxembourg conceived in the European Union?Promoted by national multilingualism, Luxembourg chose between German or French textbooks on the teaching of history and geography at the secondary level, all students supposed to use German and French interchangeably as languages of schooling. . However, the classical and technical sectors differ in terms of language. The classical system favors German, the technical system French. In fact, 46% of the resident population is of foreign nationality, 30% of whom are of "Roman-speaking" origin. Children from these linguistic communities constitute the main group of students who fail school due to lack of fluency in German, the main language of primary schooling. Thus, technical education, considered more "accessible", favors French textbooks written in a language more familiar to students, where history and geography are partially integrated into the French curriculum.In addition to the financial gain of an economy of production of own manuals, the country advances the argument of the methodological perspective of different foreign approaches and its benefit for the local faculty and students.The local multilingual ideology invests the native population with a pan-European legitimacy that supplants school metadiscourse and authorizes it to appropriate foreign material without harming the construction of its national narrative.The study is based on Marc Ferro's book on the development of national historical educational content and Luxembourg's reports on general didactics. Examination of the textbooks prescribed by the compulsory list of the Luxembourg Ministry of National Education deals methodologically, for the two streams of secondary education, on the country of edition of the textbook, the language of the writing, the presence or absence of chapters devoted to the situation in the Grand Duchy. ; La communication présente brièvement le paysage historique et sociolinguistique du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg afin de comprendre l'origine diachronique de la triglossie institutionnelle nationale. Cette perspective tente d'éclairer le fait que le Luxembourg a choisi de ne pas produire de manuels scolaires nationaux pour les enseignements secondaires. Or, étant entendu avec les historiens Marc Ferro et Gilbert Trausch que les manuels d'histoire et de géographie sont les premiers vecteurs du « récit national » et de la perception des enjeux internationaux qui affectent l'État, cette perspective pose les questions suivantes :-Quels arguments le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg déploie-t-il pour justifier l'absence de production nationale de manuels scolaires ?-Comment, dès lors, le Grand-Duché élabore-t-il son récit national et le démarque-t-il des pays auxquels il emprunte ses manuels ?-Comment le Luxembourg se conçoit-il au sein de l'Union européenne ?Porté par le multilinguisme national, le Luxembourg choisit entre les manuels allemands ou français concernant l'enseignement de l'histoire et de la géographie au niveau secondaire, tous les élèves étant censés employer indifféremment l'allemand et le français en tant que langues de scolarisation. Toutefois les filières classique et technique divergent en matière de langue. Le système classique privilégie l'allemand, le système technique le français. De fait, 46 % de la population résidente sont de nationalité étrangère, dont 30% d'origine « romanophone ». Les enfants issus de ces communautés linguistiques constituent le principal contingent d'élèves en échec scolaire dû au manque de maîtrise de l'allemand, principale langue de scolarisation du primaire. Aussi l'enseignement technique, réputé plus « accessible », privilégie-t-il les manuels français rédigés dans une langue plus familière aux élèves, où l'histoire et la géographie sont partiellement intégrées au programme de français.Outre le gain financier d'une économie de production de manuels propres, le pays avance l'argument de la mise en perspective méthodologique des différentes approches étrangères et de son bénéfice pour le corps enseignant local et les étudiants.L'idéologie multilingue locale investit la population native d'une légitimité paneuropéenne qui supplante les métadiscours scolaires et l'autorise à s'approprier les matériels étrangers sans nuire à l'édification de son récit national.L'étude s'appuie sur l'ouvrage de Marc Ferro abordant l'élaboration des contenus pédagogiques historiques nationaux et les rapports luxembourgeois en matière de didactique générale. L'examen des manuels prescrits par la liste obligatoire du ministère de l'Éducation nationale luxembourgeois porte méthodologiquement, pour les deux filières du secondaire, sur le pays d'édition du manuel, la langue de rédaction, la présence ou non de chapitres consacrés à la situation du Grand-Duché.