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Carbon capture and storage (CCS), including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), could contribute to climate change mitigation strategies. However, the 2020s is not the first time that CCS is high on the agenda. This study explores the differences between the past and current developments of CCS and discusses how incumbent actors' experiences can inform the understanding of potential future energy system transitions in Sweden. For this purpose, a multi-level perspective (MLP) analysis was conducted based on documents, in- terviews and focus groups with key actors. Since the 2000s, increased urgency of climate change has further pushed policy makers into action. In addition, there is a new framing of CCS that underscores the potential of BECCS to provide negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as prospects for offshore storage of CO2 in Norway and other territories. As such, this study shows that Sweden could be on a transformation pathway towards implementing CCS alongside other mitigation measures. ; Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [46036-1]; Swedish Energy Agency research program "Humans, energy systems and society" (MESAM) [46222-1]; Industrial Leap Fund [51569-1]; Swedish Research Council FormasSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council Formas [2016-00958]; Swedish governmental initiative StandUp for Energy

Sweden and Finland have national goals to reach net negative greenhouse gas emissions before mid-century. Achieving these ambitious goals could employ negative emission technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, but it is unclear how this technology could be realized in an energy transition. Sweden and Finland stand out for having a large share of substantial point source emissions of biogenic carbon dioxide, in the production of pulp, heat and power. In the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register, Sweden and Finland reported 64% and 51% biogenic emissions, respectively, in facilities emitting over 100 kt of carbon dioxide in 2017, while the corresponding collective figure for all European states in the database is 6%. This qualitative study highlights company actors' perspectives on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage within a Nordic regional context and explores their perspective on emerging tensions in the energy transition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 of the 24 companies with the largest point sources of biogenic emissions. The results are framed around four emerging tensions regarding bioenergy with carbon capture and storage from companies' perspectives in this study: (1) absence of reliable long-term policies; (2) limits to companies' climate change responsibility; (3) technical trade-offs of carbon capture; and (4) lack of customer demands for negative emissions. According to most of the companies, it is technically feasible to capture carbon dioxide, but it could be a challenge to determine who is responsible to create a financially viable business case, to enact supporting policies, and to build transport and storage infrastructure. Company representatives argue that they already contribute to a sustainable society, therefore bioenergy with carbon capture and storage is not their priority without government collaboration. However, they are willing to contribute more and could have an increasing role towards an energy transition in an international context. ; Funding agencies: The work has been carried out within the scope of the Graduate School in Energy Systems and MESAM, financed by the Swedish Energy Agency under the project, 'An integrative systems approach to a carbon neutral industry'. This research was supported by the Swedish Energy Agency [grants 46222-1 and 46036-1]; Formas - The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning [grant 2016-00958]; and the Swedish Research Council [grant 2016-06359]. We would also like to thank the company representatives who participated in this study, extend appreciation to colleagues who contributed feedback on the text, and thank the Linkoping University Library for covering the costs to make this article open access.