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ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the design of corrective taxation schemes to manage multiple, interacting stocks. In the setting of irrigation-induced salinity, a collective groundwater stock aliments a set of individual rootzone salt stocks. It is shown that the policy maker does not need to base the tax rule on the individual salt stocks. Indeed, taxes based on the level of input and on the collective stock induce the agents to achieve the socially optimal irrigation path. An even simpler instrument is sufficient if the policy-maker's goal is to reach optimality at the steady state only.

Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite ; The focus of this thesis is on the design of policy instruments to manage environmental issues, with a particular interest in dynamic taxation schemes and cap and trade systems in the context of irrigation-induced salinity. This issue is of crucial importance in most irrigated areas throughout the world. A first goal of the thesis is to investigate the use of dynamic taxation schemes based on a measure of group performance, as a way of implementing the notion of collective responsibility. The analysis focuses on the main characteristics of group performance based instruments, the interdependence they introduce among the agents. Indeed, when subject to group performance based instruments, agents' payoffs result from the effort providedby the group. The analysis is set at the catchment scale, and the collective result is the groundwater stock. Various taxes are investigated, including a time-independent standard input tax, a state-dependent ambient tax and a stock-dependent input tax. These taxes are illustrative of various ratios of individual performance and collective performance in the design of the policy instrument. One of the results of this analysis is that including a group performance component in the policy instrument is necessary to induce the agents to behave optimally along the whole time horizon. Hence the interest for mixing individual and collective incentives in the design of policy instruments. A second aim of the thesis is to address the design of cap and trade systems to manage multiple coupled externalities. The catchments are replaced within the broader context of the river system, and the analyses relate to the interactions developing between water management initiatives at the catchment and the river scales. To manage both water scarcity along the river and irrigation-induced salinity in each catchment, two types of water rights are considered : standard diversion rights and recharge rights that allow right-holders to produce a ...

Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite ; The focus of this thesis is on the design of policy instruments to manage environmental issues, with a particular interest in dynamic taxation schemes and cap and trade systems in the context of irrigation-induced salinity. This issue is of crucial importance in most irrigated areas throughout the world. A first goal of the thesis is to investigate the use of dynamic taxation schemes based on a measure of group performance, as a way of implementing the notion of collective responsibility. The analysis focuses on the main characteristics of group performance based instruments, the interdependence they introduce among the agents. Indeed, when subject to group performance based instruments, agents' payoffs result from the effort providedby the group. The analysis is set at the catchment scale, and the collective result is the groundwater stock. Various taxes are investigated, including a time-independent standard input tax, a state-dependent ambient tax and a stock-dependent input tax. These taxes are illustrative of various ratios of individual performance and collective performance in the design of the policy instrument. One of the results of this analysis is that including a group performance component in the policy instrument is necessary to induce the agents to behave optimally along the whole time horizon. Hence the interest for mixing individual and collective incentives in the design of policy instruments. A second aim of the thesis is to address the design of cap and trade systems to manage multiple coupled externalities. The catchments are replaced within the broader context of the river system, and the analyses relate to the interactions developing between water management initiatives at the catchment and the river scales. To manage both water scarcity along the river and irrigation-induced salinity in each catchment, two types of water rights are considered : standard diversion rights and recharge rights that allow right-holders to produce a ...

Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite ; The focus of this thesis is on the design of policy instruments to manage environmental issues, with a particular interest in dynamic taxation schemes and cap and trade systems in the context of irrigation-induced salinity. This issue is of crucial importance in most irrigated areas throughout the world. A first goal of the thesis is to investigate the use of dynamic taxation schemes based on a measure of group performance, as a way of implementing the notion of collective responsibility. The analysis focuses on the main characteristics of group performance based instruments, the interdependence they introduce among the agents. Indeed, when subject to group performance based instruments, agents' payoffs result from the effort providedby the group. The analysis is set at the catchment scale, and the collective result is the groundwater stock. Various taxes are investigated, including a time-independent standard input tax, a state-dependent ambient tax and a stock-dependent input tax. These taxes are illustrative of various ratios of individual performance and collective performance in the design of the policy instrument. One of the results of this analysis is that including a group performance component in the policy instrument is necessary to induce the agents to behave optimally along the whole time horizon. Hence the interest for mixing individual and collective incentives in the design of policy instruments. A second aim of the thesis is to address the design of cap and trade systems to manage multiple coupled externalities. The catchments are replaced within the broader context of the river system, and the analyses relate to the interactions developing between water management initiatives at the catchment and the river scales. To manage both water scarcity along the river and irrigation-induced salinity in each catchment, two types of water rights are considered : standard diversion rights and recharge rights that allow right-holders to produce a certain amount of percolation. This analysis poses the question of the number of policy instruments needed to manage correlated externalities. It also raises issues associated with the implementation of cap and trade systems at different scales. The main result of this analysis is that the correlation existing between the externalities doesn't rule out the need for a policy instrument to manage each externality. While the aim of this thesis isn't to compare these two policy strategies, by the analyses it provides it participates in the debate about the use of price-based or quantity-based instruments. Furthermore, the analyses apply to the general case of correlated environmental externalities.

La diversification des cultures agricoles est mise en avant comme le principal moyen d'atteindre les objectifs de réduction d'utilisation des pesticides fixés dans le cadre du plan Écophyto. Cet article analyse les déterminants de cet usage des sols agricoles afin de dégager des leviers potentiels de politique publique pour inciter à sa mise en œuvre. Nous portons une attention particulière aux effets de voisinage potentiels. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une analyse spatiale, à l'échelle du canton, des déterminants de la diversification des cultures à l'échelle du Bassin parisien élargi. Nous montrons qu'en plus des déterminants traditionnels pédoclimatiques, il existe un schéma spatial de la décision de diversifier les cultures. Classification JEL : C21, Q15, Q55.

The deliverable D6.1 of the LIFT project explores what types of discourses are used in six European Union (EU) member states' Rural Development Programs (RDP) and other agricultural policy documents and how they incorporate ecological approaches across three Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) periods. This multiple case study highlights similarities and differences in the dominant discourses as emerging from national policy documents in the following selected EU member states: France, Germany (Bavaria), Hungary, Poland, Romania and Sweden. It also demonstrates how discourse analysis can be used to gain understanding about the dominant discourses expressed in these documents in relation to how ecological approaches are defined, the policy rationale for encouraging ecological approaches and the expected consequences of doing so. Conceptually, we focused on two types of discourses identified from the literature: 1) the three CAP discourses: i) neomercantilism; ii) neoliberalism and iii) multifunctionality, and 2) the five socio-political discourses of Rural Development (RD): iv) agri-ruralist, v) hedonist, vi) utilitarian, vii) nature conservation and viii) community sustainability. These types of discourses were together integrated in a model, where each policy discourse depicts agriculture as accomplishing a specific function. The theoretical framework is grounded within a political economy perspective. This means that policy develops because of confrontation between different concerned agents with different interest, pushing for different objectives. The state acts as an intermediary between these agents and aims at ensuring consensus and maintenance of agreement. Policy documents are therefore often the result of competing discourses and contradicting policy objectives. Across EU member states, the results show that ecological approaches are mainly depicted with the multifunctionality discourse with two dominating sub-discourses of nature conservation and agri-ruralism. Nevertheless, we observe an increase in the ...

The deliverable D6.1 of the LIFT project explores what types of discourses are used in six European Union (EU) member states' Rural Development Programs (RDP) and other agricultural policy documents and how they incorporate ecological approaches acrossthree Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) periods. This multiple case study highlights similarities and differences in the dominant discourses as emerging from national policy documents in the following selected EU member states: France, Germany (Bavaria), Hungary, Poland, Romania and Sweden. It also demonstrates how discourse analysis can be used to gain understanding about the dominant discourses expressed in these documents in relation to how ecological approaches are defined, the policy rationale for encouraging ecological approaches and the expected consequences of doing so. Conceptually, we focused on two types of discourses identified from the literature: 1) the three CAP discourses: i) neomercantilism; ii) neoliberalism and iii) multifunctionality, and 2) the five socio-political discourses of Rural Development (RD): iv) agri-ruralist, v) hedonist, vi) utilitarian, vii) nature conservation and viii) community sustainability. These types of discourses were together integrated in a model, where each policy discourse depicts agriculture as accomplishing a specific function. The theoretical framework is grounded within a political economy perspective. This means that policy develops because of confrontation between different concerned agents with different interest, pushing for different objectives. The state acts as an intermediary between these agents and aims at ensuring consensus and maintenance of agreement. Policy documents are therefore often the result of competing discourses and contradicting policy objectives. Across EU member states, the results show that ecological approaches are mainly depicted with the multifunctionality discourse with two dominating sub-discourses of nature conservation and agri-ruralism. Nevertheless, we observe an increase in the use of the neomercantilist discourse in the last CAP period. This parallels what the previous literature finds in Commissioners' speeches: a reappearance of the traditional neomercantilist discourse in the CAP agenda 2014-2020. Farming systems (with farming practices) related to agroecology, biodiversity-based and organic farming are among the most commonly mentioned farming systems.

This questionnaire is for the survey to farmers that is to be carried out in the LIFT project, to at least 1,500 farms across the European Union (EU) in the LIFT case study areas. The LIFT large-scale farmer survey represents a key task that provides value added to the LIFT project and informs EU policy anal-ysis as a whole. The innovation is that it collects primary qualitative and quantitative data at the farm level, but also that data will be comparable across a large geographical area, across different produc-tion sectors, as well as across different farming practices/systems. The survey aims at collecting infor-mation that is not available in existing data sources, and that will be used in the analyses of the project.