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Questions the validity of using test scores from the Scholastic Aptitude Test and American College Testing programs to measure US academic achievement.

A method suggested by the psychol'ts D. T. Campbell & D. W. Fiske ('Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix,' Psychological Bulletin, 1959, 56, 81-105) for the study of test-method reliability is applied to a nat'l sample of PO data (N=1,504 adults) re public policy questions. This method requires computation of a larger matrix of is between responses to diff items under varying methods of application. Reliability is defined as 'the agreement between 2 efforts to measure the same trait through maximally similar methods.' The 15 policy areas studied show considerable variation in item-method reliability, but items measuring policy views on open housing, Sch integration, & full employment show item-method reliability that compares favorably with psychol'al tests. The advantages of this 'heterotrait matrix approach' are confirmed by the analysis. In sample surveys card sort, closed & open items, or direct observation can be taken as alternatives for studying the same traits. Pol'al sci'ts could then confront the problem of the validity of their measures rather than simply asserting the fact. 3 Tables. Modified HA.

I: Foundations -- 1. Multidimensional Contingency Tables -- 2. Guidelines for Analysis -- 3. Contingency Table Analysis: The WLS Approach -- II: Simple Applications of the WLS Approach -- 4. One Response and Two Factor Variables -- 5. Interaction Among Factor Variables -- 6. Mean Scores -- 7. Log-Linear Models -- III: Advanced Applications of the WLS Approach -- 8. Multiple Response Functions -- 9. Rank Correlation Methods -- 10. Rank Choice Analysis -- 11. Follow-Up Life Table Analysis -- 12. Selected WLS Literature -- Appendixes -- Appendix A: Matrix Notation -- Matrix Definitions -- Matrix Arithmetic -- The Inverse Matrix -- System of Linear Equations—Scalar Presentation -- System of Linear Equations—Matrix Presentation -- Summary -- Exercises -- Appendix B: The Linear Model -- Traditional Approach to ANOVA -- Linear Model Approach to ANOVA -- Coding Methods -- Testing Hypotheses -- Two-Way ANOVA -- Interaction -- Summary -- Exercises -- Appendix C: Table of Chi-Square Values -- Appendix D: The GENCAT Computer Program -- An Overview of GENCAT -- Entering the Data to GENCAT -- Left-Hand Side of the Equation -- Right-Hand Side of the Equation -- Testing Individual Hypotheses -- Summary of Major Input to GENCAT -- GENCAT Input and Output for Chapter 4 -- References.

3-wave panel data collected during the 1968 presidential election campaign in Fla & NC are analyzed on the basis of the partial candidate preference information available for some R's & the complete information obtained from others. A supplemented marginals model based on the general linear approach to categorical data analysis is extended to the situation involving incomplete time data. The final statistical models show no politically significant effects associated with the campaign (time) on the level of citizens' preferences for Hubert Humphrey, Richard Nixon, or George Wallace for 7 race & occupation classifications. Even though statistically significant time effects occurred among several classes & states, they had no important political consequences. Black voters overwhelmingly supported Humphrey, but whites supported either Nixon or Wallace. Nixon derived support from white collar professionals & retired workers; Wallace gained support from all other classes (small businessmen, farmers, skilled, & unskilled blue collar workers). There was only one case where the campaign made a politically significant difference: among unskilled blue-collar workers in NC Wallace lost his plurality to Nixon. With one limited exception, the models did not show significant state effects; evidently, different state "political cultures" are not important for the stability of voter preferences. The study determined the level of choice for each major candidate, not the proportion of the actual vote & of course there is no constant relationship between voting & preference for different occupational & racial groups. 6 Tables. H. Dorian.