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While the rise of social protection in the global North has been widely researched, we know little about the history of social protection in the global South. This volume investigates the experiences of four middle-income countries - Brazil, India, China and South Africa - from 1920 to 2020, analysing if, when, and how these countries articulated a concern about social issues and social cohesion. As the first in-depth study of the ideational foundations of social protection policies and programmes in these four countries, the contributions demonstrate that the social question was articulated in an increasingly inclusive way. The contributions identify the ideas, beliefs, and visions that underpinned the movement towards inclusion and social peace as well as counteracting doctrines. Drawing on perspectives from the sociology of knowledge, grounded theory, historiography, discourse analysis, and process tracing, the volume will be of interest to scholars across political science, sociology, political economy, history, area studies, and global studies, as well as development experts and policymakers.

"Lutz Leisering continues his path-breaking analysis of social policy development outside the OECD world. This is the book students of global social policy and policy-makers have been waiting for." — Ian Gough FAcSS FRSA, Visiting Professor in CASE and Associate of GRI, London School of Economics; Emeritus Professor, University of Bath, UK "This is a sophisticated analysis which will stimulate future theoretical and empirical work on social protection around the world. It deserves to be widely consulted."— James Midgley, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California Berkeley, USA While the rise of social protection in the global North has been widely researched, we know little about the history of social protection in the global South. This volume investigates the experiences of four middle-income countries - Brazil, India, China and South Africa - from 1920 to 2020, analysing if, when, and how these countries articulated a concern about social issues and social cohesion. As the first in-depth study of the ideational foundations of social protection policies and programmes in these four countries, the contributions demonstrate that the social question was articulated in an increasingly inclusive way. The contributions identify the ideas, beliefs, and visions that underpinned the movement towards inclusion and social peace as well as counteracting doctrines. Drawing on perspectives from the sociology of knowledge, grounded theory, historiography, discourse analysis, and process tracing, the volume will be of interest to scholars across political science, sociology, political economy, history, area studies, and global studies, as well as development experts and policymakers.

Intro -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Social Protection in the Global South: An Ideational and Historical Approach -- Towards a New Approach to Analysing Social Policy in the Global South -- Ideas: A Constructivist Sociology of Knowledge Approach -- Strategies for Theorising Southern Welfare -- Explanatory Theories of Social Policy -- Conceptualising Social Policy Ideas: A Multi-layered Model -- A First Glimpse of the Four Countries: Basic Social, Political, and Economic Data -- The Chapters -- References -- Part II: China -- 2: The Early Rise of Social Security in China: Ideas and Reforms, 1911-1949 -- Introduction: The Early Rise of Social Ideas and Policies -- Social Security in Imperial China: From Benevolence to Disciplined Labour -- The Rise of the Social Question: Non-Marxist Versus Marxist Concepts, 1900-1920s -- The GMD State's Social Policy: State-building, Productivism, and Collectivism, 1927-1937 -- Wartime Social Policy: Universal Social Security and China's "Special Situation" (1937-1945) -- Post-war Development: Establishing Social Security Institutions, 1945-1978 -- Conclusion: Ideas and Reforms -- References -- 3: Social Security: The Career of a Contested Social Idea in China During the Reform Era, 1978-2020 -- Introduction: The Rise of the Idea of "Social Security" in China -- Socialist Welfare Ideas, 1949-1978: Urban Labour Insurance Versus Rural Residual Welfare -- Urban Welfare -- Rural Welfare -- The Ideational Turn in the Course of Economic Reforms, 1978-2000: "Socialisation" of Welfare -- SOE Reform and Its Effects -- Policy Reforms: Pensions and Healthcare -- The Emergence of the Idea of "Social Security" in the New Millennium: From GDPism to Inclusive Growth.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) proclaimed the equality of all human beings in dignity and rights. The right to social security, however, has been taken more seriously only since the 2000s, through calls for 'Social Security for All' and 'Leaving no-one behind'. The book investigates a major response, social cash transfers to the poor. The idea of simply giving money to the poor had been rejected by all major development organisations, but since the early 2000s, social cash transfers have mushroomed in the global South and on agendas of international organisations. How come? What programmes have emerged in which countries? Based on unique quantitative and qualitative data and on newly created concepts and indicators, this text takes stock of all identifiable cash transfers in all Southern countries and of the views of all major international organisations

Universalism has become a lead idea of global social politics, and of global social security in particular, first voiced in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and renewed in recent calls for "Social Security for All" and "Universal Health Coverage," and in the Global Partnership for Universal Social Protection to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals launched by the World Bank and the International Labour Organization in 2016. This article analyses the idea of a universal right to social protection, as recently articulated by international organizations. According to J. W. Meyer's neo-institutionalist theory of world society (Krücken & Drori, 2009; Meyer, 2007), universalism is a world-cultural norm, and international organizations are proponents of world culture. This article is based on the assumption that the meaning of universalism is not fixed, but that international organizations construct the norm in changing ways to secure worldwide acceptance and applicability, considering that states have very diverse socio-economic conditions and socio-cultural backgrounds. Accordingly, the article analyses how international organizations construct the cultural idea of universalism as well as institutional models of universal social protection. The finding is that the recent calls for universalism represent a new interpretation of universalism that refers to individual entitlements to benefits rather than collective development, and that this global consensus was reached by constructing the norm in a way to leave room for interpretation and adaptation. However, the price of consensus is the attenuation of the norm, by allowing particularistic interpretations and by weakening the content of the right to social protection. The article also seeks to explain the rise of the new global consensus and identify its limitations.

Universalism has become a lead idea of global social politics, and of global social security in particular, first voiced in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and renewed in recent calls for "Social Security for All" and "Universal Health Coverage," and in the Global Partnership for Universal Social Protection to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals launched by the World Bank and the International Labour Organization in 2016. This article analyses the idea of a universal right to social protection, as recently articulated by international organizations. According to J. W. Meyer's neo-institutionalist theory of world society (Krücken & Drori, 2009; Meyer, 2007), universalism is a world-cultural norm, and international organizations are proponents of world culture. This article is based on the assumption that the meaning of universalism is not fixed, but that international organizations construct the norm in changing ways to secure worldwide acceptance and applicability, considering that states have very diverse socio-economic conditions and socio-cultural backgrounds. Accordingly, the article analyses how international organizations construct the cultural idea of universalism as well as institutional models of universal social protection. The finding is that the recent calls for universalism represent a new interpretation of universalism that refers to individual entitlements to benefits rather than collective development, and that this global consensus was reached by constructing the norm in a way to leave room for interpretation and adaptation. However, the price of consensus is the attenuation of the norm, by allowing particularistic interpretations and by weakening the content of the right to social protection. The article also seeks to explain the rise of the new global consensus and identify its limitations.

Der den Sammelband "Die Alten der Welt" als Resümee abschließende Beitrag zieht ein Fazit zu den unterschiedlichen Dimensionen der globalen "Altenfrage". Im einzelnen wird gefragt, ob "Alter" und "Altern" Kategorien globaler Diskurse und Politiken geworden sind, ob eine globale "Altenpolitik" im Entstehen begriffen ist und welche normativen Vorstellungen von einer guten Weltgesellschaft und vom Leben alter Menschen in ihr hinter globalen altenbezogenen Diskursen und Politiken steht. Damit wird die Frage nach der Bedeutung von "Alter" als soziale Konstruktion, als soziale Gruppe, als Lebensphase und als gesellschaftsstrukturierendes Unterscheidungsmerkmal im 21. Jahrhundert thematisiert. (ICE2)