Suchergebnisse

Resources are often seen as a key factor in innovation. For business organizations, it has been shown that there is a relation between the lack or abundance of resources and the innovativeness of organizations. It is specifically abundance that fosters innovations, not shortage. We investigated this relationship for nonprofits based on a cross‐sectional survey of 250 Austrian nonprofit organizations (NPOs). According to levels of disposability, we differentiate between available slack, recoverable slack, and potential slack. Turning to the type of resources, we distinguish financial slack from different types of HR slack: levels of motivation and qualification and levels of compensation, addressing the level of employees' wages. Our results indicate that in NPOs human resources slack rather than financial slack has a positive impact on innovativeness.

Although Azerbaijan could be an attractive destination for international business endeavors, there are massive
barriers in practice. The national economy of Azerbaijan is divided among several clientelistic networks,
capturing state institutions in order to back their own business activities and keep out competitors. Opportunities
are limited to areas in which international firms channel technology into the country that cannot
be provided locally. However, even in such cases, Western enterprises still have to comply with the particularities,
rules and norms of the local clientelistic system in order to be successful.

This book is written for those seeking a decision theory appropriate for use in serious choices such as insurance. It employs stages of knowledge ahead to track satisfactions and dissatisfactions. From experimental and questionnaire data, people take into account such stages of knowledge ahead satisfactions and dissatisfactions. This means we must go beyond standard decision theories like expected utility or cumulative prospect theory.

Modification of kraft lignin (KL), traditionally uses harsh and energy-demanding physical and chemical processes. In this study, the potential of the bacterial laccase CotA (spore coating protein A) for oxidation of KL under mild conditions was assessed. Thereby, the efficiency of CotA to oxidize both softwood and hardwood KL of varying purity at alkaline conditions was examined. For the respective type of wood, the highest oxidation activity by CotA was determined for the medium ash content softwood KL (MA_S) and the medium ash content hardwood KL (MA_H), respectively. By an up to 95% decrease in fluorescence and up to 65% in phenol content coupling of the structural lignin units was indicated. These results correlated with an increase in viscosity and molecular weight, which increased nearly 2 and 20-fold for MA_H and about 1.3 and 6.0-fold for MA_S, respectively. Thus, this study confirms that the CotA laccase can oxidize a variety of KL at alkaline conditions, while the origin and purity of KL were found to have a major impact on the efficiency of oxidation. Under the herein tested conditions, it was observed that the MA_H KL showed the highest susceptibility to CotA oxidation when compared to the other hardwood KLs and the softwood KLs. Therefore, this could be a viable method to produce sustainable resins and adhesives. ; This work was funded by the government of Lower Austria the K-Project Flippr2, which is funded as part of Austrian COMET under grant agreement No 861476. (Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies) promoted by BMVIT, BMWFW, Styria, and Carinthia. The COMET program is managed by FFG.