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Many social scientists see Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa as emerging powers. Analyzing to what extent these countries have the size, the resources, and the will to achieve great power status they find that all these countries are the largest countries with the biggest economies in their regions and play an important role in the global polity. The effects of symbolic power accumulation, however, are frequently ignored and significantly underestimated. The paper contributes to the discussion on emerging powers by analyzing global symbolic power formation. Therefore, a field of global symbolism, namely the global field of sport is reviewed. Sport in general can be seen as a mechanism to strengthen the national identity of any country and its vision of itself. Hence, the paper argues that the investment into sport is a useful strategy to improve citizens'' self-perception as an emerging power and to gain support for their 'expanding' politics. Furthermore, it argues that the power status of emerging powers can be read off from the supply and success in international and global sport events. Consequently, it is not of great surprise that emerging countries have started hosing major sport event recently (Olympic Summer Games 2008 and Olympic Winter Games 2022 in China; Soccer World Championship 2010 in South Africa, Commonwealth Games 2010 and Cricket World Cup 2011 in India; Olympic Winter Games 2014 and the FIFA World Cup 2018 in Russia, FIFA World Cup 2014 and the Olympic Summer Games 2016 in Brazil).

Despite the fact that the globalization process tends to reinforce existing inequality structures and generate new areas of inequality on multiple levels, systematic analyses on this very important field remain scarce. Hence, this book approaches the complex question of inequality not only from different regional perspectives, covering Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin and Northern America, but also from different disciplinary perspectives, namely cultural anthropology, economics, ethnology, geography, international relations, sociology, and political sciences.The contributions are subdivided into three essential fields of research: Part I analyzes the socio-economic dimension of global exclusion, highlighting in particular the impacts of internationalization and globalization processes on national social structures against the background of theoretical concepts of social inequality. Part II addresses the political dimension of global inequalities. Since the decline of the Soviet Union new regional powers like Brazil, China, India and South Africa have emerged, creating power shifts in international relations that are the primary focus of the second part. Lastly, Part III examines the structural and transnational dimension of inequality patterns, which can be concretized in the rise of globalized national elites and the emergence of multinational networks that transcend the geographical and imaginative borders of nation states. Alexander Lenger is a research fellow at the collaborative research centre 1015 »Otium/Leisure«, lecturer at the institute for sociology, and research affiliate at the Global Studies Programme at Freiburg University. Previously he was research fellow at the department for business ethics at the Goethe University Frankfurt and director of the Global Studies Programme at Freiburg University. His research interests include theories of social inequality, science studies, economic sociology, globalization processes, business ethics and social justice research. Florian Schumacheris Sociologist and Literary Scholar at Freiburg University and Director of the Global Studies Programme (Freiburg, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, New Delhi). His research focuses on social structure, globalisation, the comparison of national identities and the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu.

Der Sammelband widmet sich theoriegeschichtlich, methodologisch und interdisziplinär dem Konzept des Habitus von Pierre Bourdieu. Im ersten Teil werden die philosophischen und sozialwissenschaftlichen Hauptquellen und Ursprünge des Begriffs in jeweils eigenen Beiträgen herausgearbeitet. Mit diesem vertieften Verständnis werden Potenziale erschlossen, die das Habituskonzept für zukünftige theoretische und empirische Forschung bereithält. Daran anschließend stellt ein zweiter Teil die bisher einflussreichsten Ansätze der empirischen Habitusanalyse vor. Im dritten Teil schließlich wird aufgezeigt, wie das Habituskonzept in verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen zur Anwendung kommt und zur Klärung sowohl fachinterner als auch interdisziplinärer Fragestellungen beitragen kann. Hierzu werden aktuelle fachspezifische Diskussionen aufgegriffen und aus Bourdieu'schem Blickwinkel analysiert. Die Beiträge des Bandes zeigen, dass Bourdieu mit der Habitus-Feld-Theorie eine allgemeine Theorie konflikthafter Differenzierung vorgelegt hat, die nicht nur Mikro- und Makroebene verbindet, sondern ihren wissenschaftlichen Wert darüber hinaus für verschiedenste Disziplinen, analytische Ebenen und soziale Phänomene unter Beweis stellt. Inhalt: Einleitung (Lenger, Alexander/Schneickert, Christian/Schumacher, Florian: Pierre Bourdieus Konzeption des Habitus). - Teil I. Theoretische Grundlagen des Habitusbegriffs (Schultheis, Franz: Habitus in der kabylischen Gesellschaft und Max Webers protestantische Ethik. - Eder, Klaus: Der Klassenhabitus in Abgrenzung zum Klassenbewusstsein bei Karl Marx. - Schneickert, Christian: Die Wurzeln von Bourdieus Habituskonzept in der Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls. - Lenger, Alexander/Priebe, Stefan: Demonstrativer Konsum und die Theorie der feinen Leute. Geschmack, Distinktion und Habitus bei Thorstein Veblen und Pierre Bourdie. - Schumacher, Florian: Bourdieus Adaption von Erwin Panofskys kunsttheoretischem Entwurf epochaler "Mental Habits". - Rehbein, Boike: Bourdieus Habitusbegriff und Wittgensteins Sprachphilosophie. - Schumacher, Florian: Norbert Elias' "sozialer Habitus" als Vorläufer des Bourdieu'schen Habitus? Eine vergleichende Analyse). - Teil II. Methoden der empirischen Habitusanalyse (Lange-Vester, Andrea/Teiwes-Kügler, Christel: Das Konzept der Habitushermeneutik in der Milieuforschung. - Bohnsack, Ralf: Dokumentarische Methode und die Logik der Praxis. - Blasius, Jörg/Schmitz, Andreas: Sozialraum- und ...

The paper analyses the formation of the habitus of economists in Germany. To reconstruct the economic habitus, a qualitative agency analysis will be conducted, i.e., the agency of professors and the process of professional socialization will be revealed. The project follows up on the substantial literature on the indoctrination vs. self-selection debate in economics. In short, this debate asks why economists are more self-oriented than other groups. While some authors find strong evidence for a learning effect in economic studies, other au-thors provide evidence that a process of self-selection takes place before entry to the economic profession. Overall, the paper aims at answering how stable a habitus can be, and what forms of habitus modification professionals face when entering new fields. The results show that the widely used distinction between indoctrination and selection is not suitable. Rather, I will demonstrate that a field theory perspective considering the process of professional field socialization as a form of field-specific accumulation of capital is needed to explain the ambiguous results.

Despite the fact that the globalization process tends to reinforce existing inequality structures and generate new areas of inequality on multiple levels, systematic analyses on this very important field remain scarce. Hence, this book approaches the complex question of inequality not only from different regional perspectives, covering Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin and Northern America, but also from different disciplinary perspectives, namely cultural anthropology, economics, ethnology, geography, international relations, sociology, and political sciences. The contributions are subdivided into three essential fields of research: Part I analyzes the socio-economic dimension of global exclusion, highlighting in particular the impacts of internationalization and globalization processes on national social structures against the background of theoretical concepts of social inequality. Part II addresses the political dimension of global inequalities. Since the decline of the Soviet Union new regional powers like Brazil, China, India and South Africa have emerged, creating power shifts in international relations that are the primary focus of the second part. Lastly, Part III examines the structural and transnational dimension of inequality patterns, which can be concretized in the rise of globalized national elites and the emergence of multinational networks that transcend the geographical and imaginative borders of nation states.