Suchergebnisse

Decke -- Journal for the Study of British Cultures (JSBC) -- Copyright -- Contents -- Jürgen Kramer & -- Bernd Lenz: Introduction Representing Terrorism -- Andrew Glazzard: "That Horrid Science" Fictional Representations of Terrorism in an Age of Scientific Anxiety -- Michael C. Frank: It Could Happen Here The What-If Logic of Counterterrorism and the Literary Imagination -- Birgit Neumann: Screening Terrorism, the IRA and the 'Troubles' Gender Politics and the Politics of Terrorism in Neil Jordan's The Crying Game -- Heinrich Versteegen: Turbans and Balaclavas Images of Terrorism in British Political Cartoons -- Frauke Hofmeister: Forgetting the Disturbance? Places Commemorating Terrorist Attacks in Contemporary Britain -- Reviews: -- Leonard Weinberg (2012), The End of Terrorism -- Norbert Greiner & -- Felix Sprang (2011), Lesarten des Terrorismus -- Fiona Tolan et al., Literature, Migration and the 'War on Terror' -- Joy Sather-Wagstaff (2011), Heritage that Hurts -- Martin Randall (2011), 9/11 and the Literature of Terror -- Elleke Boehmer & -- Stephen Morton (2010), Terror and the Postcolonial -- Addresses of Contributors.

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Im Vergleich zu Frauen konsumieren Männer häufiger Alkohol, Tabak sowie illegale Drogen und sind anfälliger für pathologisches Glücksspiel und süchtiges Internetspielen. Die genannten Geschlechtsunterschiede deuten sich bereits im Adoleszentenalter an. Entsprechendes Konsumverhalten steht mit externalisierenden Auffälligkeiten der Jugendlichen in Zusammenhang. Neben sozialen Einflussfaktoren spielen biologische Faktoren eine zentrale Rolle für die Entstehung dieser Geschlechtsunterschiede. Bereits pränatal beeinflussen Androgene und Östrogene die Entwicklung des Gehirns mit bis ins Erwachsenenalter anhaltenden funktionellen und strukturellen Effekten. Intrauterine Sexualhormonexposition ist mit mütterlichen Risikofaktoren wie Stress und Substanzkonsum assoziiert. Ziel: Diese narrative Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert, welche Bedeutung vorgeburtlicher Androgeneinfluss im Mutterleib für die Entwicklung von süchtigem Verhalten und Selbstregulation im späteren Leben haben könnte. Zu diesem Thema wurden in den letzten Jahren tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen mit direkter Modulation pränataler Androgenisierung und klinische assoziative Studien basierend auf Biomarkern wie dem Zeige-/Ringfingerlängenverhältnis (2D:4D) durchgeführt. Ergebnis: Die aktuelle Studienlage lässt vermuten, dass eine verstärkte Androgenisierung des Gehirns während der intrauterinen Entwicklung das Risiko für süchtiges Verhalten und Selbstregulationsdefizite im späteren Leben erhöht. Abschließend werden Präventionsmöglichkeiten in der Schwangerschaft basierend auf diesem Modell diskutiert und ein kurzer Einblick in die Maternal Health and Infant Development in the Follow-up after Pregnancy and a Mindfulness Intervention Studie gegeben. Diese ist ein Teilprojekt des IMAC-Mind Forschungsverbundes zur Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit und zur Verringerung der Suchtgefahr im Kindes- und Jugendalter durch Achtsamkeit.

Preclinical study results suggest that neurotrophic peptides like nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) may be associated with symptoms of addictive behavior like withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects. We investigated alterations in NGF and VEGF-A serum levels in opiate-dependent patients (25 male patients), who received diamorphine (DAM, heroin) treatment within a structured opiate maintenance program, and compared the results with the NGF and VEGF-A serum levels of healthy controls (23 male controls). NGF and VEGF-A serum levels were assessed before and after DAM administration twice a day (in the morning (16 h after last application – t1) and in the afternoon (7 h after last application – t3)) in order to detect a possible immediate or summative (in the afternoon) heroin effect on these two neuropeptides. Moreover, we investigated possible associations between the serum levels of these neurotrophic growth factors and psychometric dimensions of addictive behavior, e.g. craving, withdrawal, depression. Whereas there was no direct effect of DAM application on the serum levels of both neurotrophic growth factors neither in the morning nor in the afternoon, the NGF serum levels of the patient group were found to be significantly increased at all four time points of investigation compared with the healthy controls. In contrast, VEGF-A serum levels did not differ significantly in the patient and control groups. We found a significant positive association between the NGF serum levels and several items of the short opiate withdrawal scale as well as a negative association between self-reported mood (measured by visual analogue scale) and mood before heroin application (in the morning as in the afternoon). Moreover, we found a significant positive association between the NGF serum levels (t1 and t3) and the self-reported craving for methadone. In contrast, we found a negative association between the VEGF-A serum levels and avoidance, anxiety, suicide intentions of the SCL-90 as well as a positive association between the VEGF-A serum levels and the subscales of the heroin craving questionnaire measuring the rewarding effects of heroin. In conclusion, the results of this pilot study show that there might be an association between symptoms of opiate dependence and withdrawal and serum levels of VEGF-A and NGF.

Abstract
Craving for alcohol is an important diagnostic criterion in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and an established predictor of future relapse. The 5-item Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) is one of the most widely used questionnaires to quantify craving and has been translated into different languages. It is assumed that the PACS constitutes one factor, although theoretical considerations suggest an additional second factor. We conducted stability and factor analyses (principal component and confirmatory factor analyses) of the German PACS (PACS-G) in samples of patients with AUD from the following three German study sites: Erlangen, N = 188 (mean age: 47.1 years, 43.5% female); Mannheim, N = 440 (45.5 years, 28.6% female); Hannover, N = 107 (48.1 years, 48.6% female). In our samples, the 2-factor solution of the PACS-G version is more stable than the internationally assumed 1-factor solution. The resulting two PACS-G subscores 'difficulty to resist' (items 4 and 5) and 'thoughts about alcohol' (items 1, 2, and 3) have an internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.80 ≤ α ≤ 0.90, m = 0.86 and 0.86 ≤ α ≤ 0.91, m = 0.89 with an overlap of R2 = 62%. We found good convergent validity assessed via the Craving Automatized Scale-Alcohol and the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale, but also correlations with depression and anxiety assessed via the Beck's Depression and Anxiety Inventories. This study is the first to provide evidence for a 2-factor solution ('difficulty to resist' and 'thoughts about alcohol') underlying the PACS-G version.