Suchergebnisse

Nearly all waste water treatment techniques lead to the formation of sewage sludge. This sludge needs to be safely treated on-site or forwarded to disposal with different options of secondary use. This guide presents sewage sludge treatment and recycling options - beginning from the stabilisation of the sludge up to the wider spectrum of options for its utilisation. It gives orientation for decisions that have to be made on appropriate techniques and equipment.

Environmental authorities globally are challenged with the complexity of problems associated with contaminated sites. For protecting human beings and the quality of the environmental media air, water and soil, the prevention and elimination of hazards as well as impact mitigation are crucial. This manual presents information and solution-oriented procedures for all stakeholders with a focus on identification, investigation, assessment and remediation of contaminated sites at typical facilities of the oil and gas industry, such as exploration sites, tank farms and refineries. Its application shall contribute to improving the technical and administrative management and the remediation of contaminated sites.

Particulate matter (PM10) is one of the air pollutants, which pose a major risk to public health. This is why EU legislation has set limit values for PM10. In case of persistent and high exceedances of these limit values the "Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe" proposes air quality plans as a complex, though effective, instrument to reduce air quality level exceedances. Developing and appropriately applying air quality plans requires particular expertise at the levels of affected municipal authorities, of data collecting authorities, of modelling engineering offices and of supervising regional authorities. The "Guideline on Air Quality Plans" has been developed during an advisory assistance project with Bulgaria. It presents the most important aspects, which have to be taken into account when developing and revising air quality plans. Complex topics are illustrated by easily understandable figures. References to the Bulgarian case provide the link between theory and practice. A comprehensive selection of potentially appropriate mitigation measures is listed at the end of the document.

Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) have been used worldwide in a wide range of industrial and consumer applications. Their control under the Montreal Protocol has led to an uptake of alternatives, especially in refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as firefighting applications. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and other fluorinated gases – commonly referred to as F-gases – are among the most prominent ODS alternatives. These gases have no measurable effect on ozone depletion and now find widespread application. However, their high global warming potential (GWP) means that they are contributing to climate change and are therefore subject to the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This guidance document summarises the regulatory framework for both, ODS and F-gases, in the European Union (EU) and puts them into the Bulgarian context. New measures introduced by Regulation (EU) No. 517/2014, including the EU HFC phase-down and bans are highlighted. The document focuses on developing guidance and recommendations in regards to the implementation of both, the EU ODS and F-gas Regulations. Experience, also in other EU member states, is therefore referred to throughout the text. The goal of the document is to support Bulgaria in maximising its regulatory and enforcement capabilities with a focus on market surveillance and inspections of companies.

In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, cooling technologies based on natural refrigerants with negligible or insignificant effect on the environment and climate have experienced a renaissance in recent years. A variety of highly efficient applications has been developed and has now reached a technical level that makes their use economically viable. Because natural refrigerants require careful handling, particular attention has to be paid to adequate qualification of servicing personnel. This guidance document presents recommendations for the implementation of relevant EU legislation, which have been derived from experiences made in the training and certification system in Germany.

In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, cooling technologies based on natural refrigerants with negligible or insignificant effect on the environment and climate have experienced a renaissance in recent years. A variety of highly efficient applications has been developed and has now reached a technical level that makes their use economically viable. Nevertheless, natural refrigerants require careful handling. This guidance document provides a legislative overview for natural refrigerants, technical guidelines, as well as selected practical recommendations. It focusses on safety concerns originating from flammability, toxicity or high working pressures.

Diese Handreichung fasst Erkenntnisse eines Forschungsprojekts zu Einflussfaktoren auf (Umwelt-)Politiktransfer zusammen. Sie richtet sich an Mitarbeitende in Ministerien, in nachgeordneten Behörden und in Durchführungsorganisationen. Es werden Empfehlungen für die bi- und multilaterale (umwelt-)politische Zusammenarbeit, z.B. in Dialogformaten, in einzelnen Projekten und in übergreifenden Programmen, gegeben.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Fallstudie ist der durch die geringe internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des deutschen Steinkohlebergbaus ausgelöste Strukturwandel im Ruhrgebiet im Untersuchungszeitraum von Ende der 1950er Jahre bis 2015. Die Fallstudie beschreibt den historischen Strukturwandelprozess und analysiert die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Zu diesem Zweck kategorisiert die Fallstudie die strukturpolitischen Interventionen in "konservierend", "nachsorgend" und "vorausschauend" und bewertet ihre (intendierten) Wirkungen anhand der Dimensionen "Ökonomie", "Soziales", "Ökologie" und "regionale Identität". Die strukturpolitischen Interventionen im Ruhrgebiet waren zunächst stark konservierend ausgerichtet und zielten auf den Erhalt der Montanindustrie sowie auf die Abfederung sozialer Härten. Dies spiegelte sich auch in den gesellschaftlichen Diskursen im und über das Ruhrgebiet wider, die zentral durch das Paradigma "Kein Bergmann fällt ins Bergfreie" geprägt waren. Erst die regionalisierte Strukturpolitik ab Ende der 1980er Jahre und die stärker vorausschauend ausgerichtete kompetenzfeldorientierte Strukturpolitik seit Beginn der Jahrtausendwende ermöglichten eine Diversifizierung der Wirtschaft. Legt man die vom Projektkonsortium entwickelten Wirkungsdimensionen zugrunde, so lässt sich der überwiegende Teil der strukturpolitischen Interventionen im Ruhrgebiet den Wirkungsdimensionen "Ökonomie" und "Soziales" zuordnen. Die Wirkungsdimensionen "Ökologie" und "regionale Identität" wurden vor allem ab Ende der 1980er Jahre mit innovativen strukturpolitischen Interventionen, wie der Internationalen Bauausstellung Emscher-Park, angesprochen. Wichtige Erkenntnisse sind u. a., dass viele strukturpolitische Interventionen im Ruhrgebiet nur umgesetzt werden konnten, weil spezifische Rahmenbedingungen (Zeit, finanzielle Ressourcen, Sozialversicherungssysteme, Sozialpartnerschaft, Montanmitbestimmung) dies ermöglichten, und dass es wichtig ist, Wandel nicht zur zuzulassen, sondern ihn mit einem politikfeldübergreifend (Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Bildungspolitik etc.) integrierten Gesamtpaket aus vorausschauenden Interventionen (zur Stärkung endogener Entwicklungspotenziale) und nachsorgenden Interventionen (zur Abfederung sozialer Härten) aktiv zu gestalten.

This case study examines the structural change in the Ruhr area caused by the low international competitiveness of German hard coal mining over the investigation period from the late 1950s to 2015. The case study describes the historical structural change process and analyses the structural policies that were implemented as a reaction to this process. Its objective is to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions. For this purpose, the case study categorises the structural policy interventions as "preserving", "reactive" and "forward-looking" and evaluates their (intended) impact by using the dimensions "economy", "social welfare", "ecology" and "regional identity". Initially, the structural policy interventions in the Ruhr area had a very preserving orientation and aimed to maintain the coal and steel industry and to cushion social hardships. This was also reflected in the societal discourse in and about the Ruhr area, which was mainly characterised by the paradigm "no miner shall be unemployed". The regionalised structural policy of the late 1980s and the more forward-looking sector expertise-orientated structural policy since the turn of the millennium made a diversification of the economy possible. Using the impact dimensions developed by the project consortium, the structural policy interventions in the Ruhr area are primarily to be classified as serving the "economy" and the "social welfare" impact dimensions. The "ecology" and the "regional identity" impact dimensions were addressed primarily from the late 1980s through innovative structural policy interventions, such as the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Emscher Park. Important findings include the fact that many structural policy interventions in the Ruhr area could only be implemented because specific framework conditions (time, financial resources, social security systems, social partnership, co-determination in the coal and steel industry) allowed it and that it is important not to just let change happen but to actively shape it with a comprehensive cross-policy (labour market policy, education policy, etc.) integrated package of forward-looking interventions (to strengthen endogenous development potential) and reactive interventions (to cushion social hardships).

This case study examines the structural change in Lusatia caused by the system change from a centrally planned economy to a market economy over the investigation period 1990-2015. Large-scale de-industrialisation was a characterising factor, which also greatly affected the Lusatian lignite economy. The case study describes the historical structural change process and analyses the structural policies that were implemented as a reaction to this process. Its objective is to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions. For this purpose, the case study categorises the structural policy interventions as "preserving", "reactive" and "forward-looking" and evaluates their (intended) impact by using the dimensions "economy", "social welfare", "ecology" and "regional identity". The economic policy of the German federal government and the governments of the states involved has initiated various structural policy interventions over the course of time. For a long time, these interventions focussed on the economic region of "East Germany" as a whole and were not specific to Lusatia. Overall, the structural policy in Lusatia is considered as only modestly successful. In retrospect, the "Aufbau Ost" [reconstruction east; development of the East German states] policy (1990-1998) can be described as successful at least from an economic perspective. However, new structural patterns have developed, above all, in locations that were sufficiently attractive for external investors. In this respect, the structural policy was organised as an accompanying ("reactive") policy rather than as a (structure) forming policy. Today, Lusatia is still considered as being structurally weak. The analyses in this case study show that particularly in the early 1990s, the policy was concerned with cushioning the negative impact of the transformation-related structural change on the labour market. It was only towards the end of the 1990s that this "reactive" structural policy was replaced with a structural policy that focused more heavily on supporting the structural adaptation processes (hence making it forward-looking). This policy was based above all on stimulating innovation and still continues today. Using the impact dimensions developed by the project consortium, the structural policy interventions in Lusatia are primarily to be classified as serving the "economy" impact dimension and (at least until the end of the 1990s) as serving the "social welfare" impact dimension. This classification is also reflected in the societal discourse in the East German states and in Lusatia. The "ecology" impact dimension most likely played a part in the necessary renaturation measures in the areas affected by the closure of the lignite opencast mines or in the remediation of former industrial land. The "regional identity" did not play a part as an impact dimension in the structural policy programmes.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Fallstudie ist der durch den Systemwechsel von der Plan- zur Marktwirtschaft ausgelöste Strukturwandel in der Lausitz im Untersuchungszeitraum 1990-2015. Prägend war vor allem eine starke Deindustrialisierung. Hiervon war auch die Lausitzer Braunkohlewirtschaft in starkem Maße betroffen. Die Fallstudie beschreibt den historischen Strukturwandelprozess und analysiert die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für in Zukunft anstehende Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Zu diesem Zweck kategorisiert die Fallstudie die strukturpolitischen Interventionen in "konservierend", "nachsorgend" und "vorausschauend" und bewertet ihre (intendierten) Wirkungen anhand der Dimensionen "Ökonomie", "Soziales", "Ökologie" und "regionale Identität". Die Wirtschaftspolitik des Bundes und der beteiligten Länder entwickelte im Laufe der Zeit eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher strukturpolitischer Interventionen. Dies geschah lange mit einem Fokus auf den Wirtschaftsraum "Ostdeutschland" insgesamt und nicht spezifisch für die Lausitz. Die Strukturpolitik in der Lausitz wird insgesamt als nur mäßig erfolgreich bewertet. Die Politik des "Aufbau Ost" (1990-1998) kann im Rückblick zumindest aus ökonomischer Sicht als erfolgreich bezeichnet werden. Allerdings haben sich neue Strukturmuster vor allem an solchen Standorten herausgebildet, die eine hinreichende Attraktivität für externe Investoren aufwiesen. Die Strukturpolitik war insoweit eher begleitend, statt (struktur-)gestaltend ausgerichtet. Auch heute gilt die Lausitz noch als strukturschwach. Wie die Analysen dieser Fallstudie zeigen, war die Politik vor allem in den frühen 1990er Jahren darauf bedacht, die negativen Auswirkungen des transformationsbedingten Strukturumbruchs auf den Arbeitsmarkt abzufedern. Erst gegen Ende der 1990er Jahre wurde diese "nachsorgende" Strukturpolitik auf eine stärker auf die Unterstützung struktureller Anpassungsprozesse ausgerichtete (und damit vorausschauende) Strukturpolitik ersetzt, die sich vor allem auf die Innovationsförderung stützte und bis heute fortgeführt wird. Legt man die vom Projektkonsortium entwickelten Wirkungsdimensionen zugrunde, so lassen sich die strukturpolitischen Interventionen in der Lausitz vor allem den Wirkungsdimensionen "Ökonomie" und (zumindest bis zum Ende der 1990er Jahre) "Soziales" zuordnen. Dies spiegelt sich auch in den gesellschaftlichen Diskursen in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern und in der Lausitz wider. Die Dimension "Ökologie" spielte am ehesten bei den notwendigen Renaturierungsmaßnahmen in den von der Stilllegung des Braunkohletagebaus betroffenen Gebieten bzw. bei der Sanierung altindustrieller Flächen eine Rolle. Die "regionale Identität" spielte als Wirkungsdimension in den strukturpolitischen Programmen keine Rolle.