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Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. A Theory Of Social Capital As A Moderator Of Urban Violence -- Chapter 3. High Connectedness Three Barrios Of Caracas: Empirical Findings On Social Network Density -- Chapter 4. Making Informal Social Control Happen: Empirical Findings On Collective Efficacy -- Chapter 5. Urban Security Policies And Their Effects On Collective Efficacy -- Chapter 6. Conclusions: Perverse Social Capital As A Cause Of High Violence In The Barrios Of Caracas

The political science literature often points to populism as the cause of democratic backsliding. The literature purports that populism undermines democracy's liberal component, meaning the horizontal checks and balances on executive power by legislatures and courts and the vertical checks and balances by civil society, such as a free press and social movements. Populists promote political polarization to build sustainable ruling coalitions during and between elections that legitimize and support the illiberal policies above. However, this debate often ignores the economic tools that populists in power possess, such as capturing direct and indirect international rents to finance clientelist mechanisms to co-opt political support. This paper contributes to the rich literature on how economic rent conditions the negative relationship between populism and liberalism by disaggregating the moderating effects of direct and indirect international rents through panel regression models in 18 Latin American countries from 1991 to 2019. I find that direct international rents, such as natural resource rents, moderated a deepening in processes of democratic backsliding. Contrastingly, indirect international rents, such as remittances, moderately mitigated democratic backsliding.

AbstractFrom the colonial period until the present, exit has been a central feature of Latin American political life. This article analyses the history of emigration regimes in Latin America and finds that variables such as regime type, immigration drivers and the profile of those trying to exit are key to understanding how this practice is regulated throughout the region. We find that in Latin America, the decision to restrict, permit or even encourage exit has long been influenced by the need to maximize loyalty to incumbent rule while minimizing domestic dissent and potential hostility from foreign exile diasporas. Authoritarian regimes have historically fostered politically motived exit, yet demonstrate a reluctance to permit any unsanctioned elite emigration in order to prevent political rivals from generating hostility abroad. By contrast, democratic regimes seldom cause politically motivated exit in the same manner, yet have proven uninterested in addressing economically motivated exit because this serves to both relieve domestic pressures while stimulating the foreign remittance economy.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Contributing Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Conceptual Discussions -- 1 Social and Political Transitions in Latin America: From the Left Turn's Rise to Its Decline -- 2 Radical Left-Wing Political Regimes in the Context of the Latin American "Left Turn" -- PART I: Transitions by State Actors -- 3 The Return of Mano Dura in Venezuela": The Political Economy of Transitions in Urban Security Policies since 1950 -- 4 Education, Labor, and Inequality in Ecuador, 2006-2016: Building Social Convergence -- 5 Archives, Memory, and Human Rights: The Right to Truth and the Right to Tell in Colombian Policies and Memory Initiatives -- 6 Transitions in the Colombian Migration Regime amidst the Venezuelan Migration Crisis: An Introduction to the Analysis of the Refugee Category -- 7 Transitions of University Autonomy in Ecuador: From Market Heteronomy to Responsible Autonomy -- PART II: Transitions by Societal Actors -- 8 Peronism Is a Sentiment: Affect and Ideology in Argentine Populism -- 9 The Nexus between Social Movements and Transition: Insights from the Bolivian TIPNIS Conflict -- 10 Political Violence and Religious Change in Ayacucho, Peru: Reconciliation and Forgiveness as Local Mechanisms among Evangelical Conflict Survivors -- 11 From Victimization to Political Action? Understanding the (Un)Existing Political Participation of Central American Immigrants in Mexico -- 12 Hirschman Revisited: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in the Venezuelan Crisis -- PART III: Continuities and Disruptions of Latin American Transitions -- 13 Seven Theses on the Refeudalization of Latin America -- 14 Liminal Transition Processes in Latin America -- Index.