Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Front Matter -- Contents -- Preface -- References -- Animal Models for the Study of Comorbid Pain and Psychiatric Disorders -- Abstract -- Animal Measurement of Pain-Like Behaviors and Models of Chronic Pain -- Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Chronic Pain -- Animal Models of Chronic Pain -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Pain, Depression and Inflammation: Are Interconnected Causative Factors Involved? -- Abstract -- Stress, Inflammation and Depression -- The Link between Depression and Pain -- The Association of Neuroinflammation with Pain and Depression -- Can Drugs Which Decrease Inflammation Also Be Effective in the Treatment of Pain and Depression? -- Conclusion -- References -- Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms Linking Pain and Depression -- Abstract -- Introduction to Depression-Pain Co-Morbidity -- Peripheral Immune Alterations Observed in Depression-Pain Co-Morbidity -- Neuroinflammation Associated with Depression-Pain Co-Morbidity -- Preclinical Evidence Supporting a Role for Inflammation in Emotion and Pain Interactions -- Modulating (Neuro)Inflammation Reduces Depression-Like and Pain-Related Behaviour in Preclinical Models -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Cytokines in Neuropathic Pain and Associated Depression -- Abstract -- Neuropathic Pain -- The Role of Individual Cytokines in Neuropathic Pain -- Conclusion -- References -- Biogenic Amines and the Amino Acids GABA and Glutamate: Relationships with Pain and Depression -- Abstract -- The Role of Monoamines in Depression and Chronic Pain -- GABA and Glutamate in Depression and Chronic Pain -- Antidepressants in the Treatment of Chronic Pain -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Supraspinal Transient Receptor Potential Subfamily V Member 1 (TRPV1) in Pain and Psychiatric Disorders -- Abstract.

peer-reviewed ; Highlights • Generational renewal is high on the political agenda for agriculture, with young farmers linked to positive outcomes. • There are limited policy incentives for older farmers to consider engaging in the farm succession and inheritance process. • Farmers perceive risks and uncertainties regarding the transfer process, and thus avoid handing over to their successors. • Taxation, retirement income, long term care cost, and marital breakdown are motivations for farmers to retain ownership. • Financial incentives related to generational renewal must aim to alleviate the level of risk perceived by farmers. ; Royal Dublin Society

peer-reviewed ; Farm succession and inheritance is increasingly considered a complex phenomenon which not only affects core dimensions of farm family life but also the agricultural sector more widely. Intergenerational farm transfer in particular is increasingly viewed as fundamental to the sustainability and development of global agriculture. In the majority of EU countries, the average age of farmers is increasing, while the number of farmers under 40 years of age is decreasing. There is growing concern that this demographic trend may have negative impacts on the agricultural industry because it is younger and not older farmers who are associated with more efficient and effective production practices. The question of what motivates decisions to transfer farms is a complex one, and research to date has not apparently enlightened agricultural policy to the extent that current trends towards an ageing farm population are being managed. This research aims to investigate economic and financial aspects of the policy drivers of farm succession and inheritance in Ireland to understand what it is about the policy environment that is failing to stimulate higher levels of farm transfer. It draws on the Teagasc National Farm Survey data which provides Irish data to the Farm Accountancy Data Network in the European Commission. A hypothetical microsimulation model is used to investigate economic factors of farm transfers, with scenarios created to test these factors and their impacts on the transfer process. The Net Present Value (NPV) of income streams for farmers and their successors are calculated to assess which scenarios have the highest/lowest financial effects. The findings illustrate a range of possible scenarios for farm succession/inheritance, with some results indicating that under current policy retaining a farm until death may be more economically beneficial to a farmer than transferring land before death.