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Abstract
This commentary responds to the review of the state of police accountability written by Carol Archbold. In light of the tumultuous months of civil unrest in the U.S. triggered by several highly publicized incidents of police shootings of minority citizens, it may seem that police accountability efforts have been ineffective. This article takes a 'glass half full' view of police accountability, arguing that the state of affairs is not as bad as the media would have us believe.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the rate and geographic distribution of 911 calls for service related to mental health issues during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the City of Detroit, MI, USA. The results suggest that the total number of calls for mental health issues was at the lowest level when compared with the same time period for the previous 3 years. Furthermore, as both the daily reported COVID-19 cases and related deaths increased over time, there was a significant decline in both suicide threats and suicides in progress. Significant hot spots were found for the total calls as well as for threats of suicide. These hot spots did not coincide with the spatial distribution of reported cases of COVID-19 by ZIP code. While higher and lower areas of reported cases were found, these differences by ZIP code were not found to be significant. When compared with the previous 3 years of data, the hot spot area was much smaller in 2020, implying that the mental health-related calls for service were more evenly spread throughout the city.

Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction: Connecting Behavioral Health, Crime, and Neighborhood Disorder -- References -- Geography and Behavioral Health -- 2 The Geography of Mental Health: An Examination of Police Calls for Service -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Geography of Mental Health -- 2.3 The Special Case of Suicide -- 2.4 Purpose of the Present Study -- 2.5 Risk Terrain Modeling -- 2.6 Study Area: The City of Detroit -- 2.7 The Study Events, Risk Factors, and Protective Factors -- 2.8 Dependent Variables: Mental Health Related Calls for Service -- 2.9 Potential Risk Factors -- 2.9.1 Locations of Reported Crimes -- 2.9.2 Demolitions -- 2.9.3 Blight -- 2.9.4 Businesses -- 2.10 Protective Factors -- 2.11 Results -- 2.12 Protective Factors -- 2.13 Discussion -- 2.14 Limitations of the Study -- Appendix: Data Descriptions -- References -- 3 Improving Estimates of the Quantity and Quality of Persons Involved in the Opioid Crisis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Scale of Impact -- 3.1.2 Data Considerations -- 3.1.3 Aim of the Chapter -- 3.2 Data and Methodological Approaches -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Geography of Crime -- 4 Crime Hot Spots, Crime Corridors and the Journey to Crime: An Expanded Theoretical Model of the Generation of Crime Concentrations -- 4.1 The Fact of Hot Spots -- 4.1.1 Crime Corridors -- 4.1.2 Burning Times: Concentration of Crimes in Time -- 4.2 A Theory of Hot Spot Formation -- 4.2.1 The Environmental Backcloth -- 4.2.1.1 Criminal Residence Concentration -- 4.2.1.2 Ecological Theories -- 4.2.1.3 Housing Competition Theories -- 4.2.1.4 Target Concentration -- 4.2.1.5 Land Use Theories -- 4.2.1.6 Routine Activity Theories -- 4.2.1.7 The Intersection of Criminal Residence Residential and Crime Target Concentrations -- 4.2.2 Movement Patterns -- 4.2.2.1 Target Searches and Journeys to Crime -- 4.2.2.2 Proximity Events.

The period after incarceration and the influence of neighborhood effects are gaining interest among scholars as a small body of evidence is illustrating the difficulties returning citizens have obtaining basic services and needs, employment, stable housing, and other social and behavioral health supports in the areas where they are being released. Transitional planning efforts to ensure that returning citizens are prepared to engage in society and have necessary supports are often made. However, returning citizens may be in local communities that do not offer needed supports, such as in areas of high poverty and criminal activity, and low employment options. Findings from this study suggest that more attention is needed to where returning citizens are released following their period of incarceration.