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The paper is a retrospective analysis of trends in quantitative empirical and theoretical studies of urban surface runoff from the mid-19th century to the early 90s of the 20th century, when the largest Soviet scientific school for such studies in the city of Kharkov was dissolved. As shown in the paper, the calculation methods for estimating peak discharges of urban surface runoff can be traced back to a pioneering work by T.J. Mulvaney (1850), which laid the foundation for the "rational method". Later this method was developed in the works by E.Kuichling (1889) and D.E.Lloyd-Davies (1906). The significance of developing such a method was determined by frequent cases of flooding urban territories and by the need for rapid removal of large volumes of storm water through special collectors. This method is still widely used in simplified calculations of urban surface runoff, since it has a good physical justification (balance equation): the amount of precipitation falling on a given catchment area equals the amount of runoff less losses for infiltration, surface retention and evaporation, which are integrally included into a surface runoff coefficient. Along with accumulating empirical data, scientists began to pay more attention to the problem of pollution of urban surface runoff, as it causes pollution of rivers, lakes, seas, water storage reservoirs and other water bodies. First of such systematic studies were commenced inthe 60-70s of the 20th century by the US governmental agencies. Having accumulated a large amount of empirical data and having understood the mechanisms determining the water quality of urban surface runoff, scientists began to develop continuous simulation models, which the paper reviews and dwells on. ; El artículo es un análisis retrospectivo de tendencias en estudios empíricos y teóricos cuantitativos de escorrentía superficial urbana desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta principios del siglo XX, cuando se disolvió la mayor escuela científica soviética para tales estudios en la ciudad de Kharkov. Como se muestra en el documento, los métodos de cálculo para estimar las descargas máximas de la escorrentía superficial urbana se remontan a un trabajo pionero de T.J. Mulvaney (1850), que sentó las bases del "método racional". Más tarde, este método fue desarrollado en los trabajos por E.Kuichling (1889) y D.E.Lloyd-Davies (1906). La importancia de desarrollar tal método fue determinada por los frecuentes casos de inundación de los territorios urbanos y por la necesidad de una rápida eliminación de grandes volúmenes de agua de lluvia a través de colectores especiales. Este método todavía se usa ampliamente en cálculos simplificados de escorrentía superficial urbana, ya que tiene una buena justificación física (ecuación de equilibrio): la cantidad de precipitación que cae en un área de captación dada es igual a la cantidad de escorrentía menos pérdidas por infiltración, retención de superficie y evaporación , que se incluyen integralmente en un coeficiente de escorrentía superficial. Junto con la acumulación de datos empíricos, los científicos comenzaron aprestar más atención al problema de la contaminación de la escorrentía superficial urbana, ya que causa la contaminación de ríos, lagos, mares, depósitos de almacenamiento de agua y otros cuerpos de agua. El primero de tales estudios sistemáticos se inició en los años 60-70 del siglo 20 por las agencias gubernamentales de los Estados Unidos. Habiendo acumulado una gran cantidad de datos empíricos y habiendo entendido los mecanismos que determinan la calidad del agua de la escorrentía de la superficie urbana, los científicos comenzaron a desarrollar modelos de simulación continuos, que el artículo revisa y continua. ; O artigo é uma análise retrospectiva das tendências em estudos teóricos e empíricos quantitativos de escoamento urbano de meados do século XIX ao início do século XX, quando a maioria escola científica soviética para tais estudos foi dissolvida na cidade de Kharkov. Como mostrado no papel, os métodos de cálculo para estimar as descargas máximas do escoamento superficial urbano podem ser rastreados até um trabalho pioneiro do T.J. Mulvaney (1850), que lançou as bases do "método racional". Mais tarde, este método foi desenvolvido nos trabalhos de E. Kuichling (1889) e D. E. Lloyd-Davies (1906). A importância do desenvolvimento de tal método foi determinada pela freqüente inundação de territórios urbanos e pela necessidade de uma rápida eliminação de grandes volumes de água da chuva através de coletores especiais. Este método ainda é largamente utilizado em cálculos simplificados de escoamento urbano, e que tem o bom justificação física (equação de equilíbrio): a quantidade de precipitao que cai sobre uma determinada área de captação é igual à quantidade de escoamento de menos infiltração retenção de superfície e evaporação, que estão integralmente incluídos em um coeficiente de escoamento superficial. Junto com o acúmulo de dados empíricos, os cientistas começaram a prestar mais atenção ao problema da poluição por esgoto urbano, porque faz com que a poluição de rios, lagos, mares, tanques de armazenamento de água e outros organismos aquáticos. O primeiro desses estudos sistemáticos foi iniciado nos anos 60 e 70 do século 20 por agências governamentais nos Estados Unidos. Tendo acumulado uma grande quantidade de dados empíricos e tendo compreendido os mecanismos que determinam a qualidade da água de escoamento da superfície urbana, os cientistas começaram a desenvolver modelos de simulação contínuas, os comentários do artigo e pára.

The paper is a retrospective analysis of trends in quantitative empirical and theoretical studies of urban surface runoff from the mid-19th century to the early 90s of the 20th century, when the largest Soviet scientific school for such studies in the city of Kharkov was dissolved. As shown in the paper, the calculation methods for estimating peak discharges of urban surface runoff can be traced back to a pioneering work by T.J. Mulvaney (1850), which laid the foundation for the "rational method". Later this method was developed in the works by E.Kuichling (1889) and D.E.Lloyd-Davies (1906). The significance of developing such a method was determined by frequent cases of flooding urban territories and by the need for rapid removal of large volumes of storm water through special collectors. This method is still widely used in simplified calculations of urban surface runoff, since it has a good physical justification (balance equation): the amount of precipitation falling on a given catchment area equals the amount of runoff less losses for infiltration, surface retention and evaporation, which are integrally included into a surface runoff coefficient. Along with accumulating empirical data, scientists began to pay more attention to the problem of pollution of urban surface runoff, as it causes pollution of rivers, lakes, seas, water storage reservoirs and other water bodies. First of such systematic studies were commenced in the 60-70s of the 20th century by the US governmental agencies. Having accumulated a large amount of empirical data and having understood the mechanisms determining the water quality of urban surface runoff, scientists began to develop continuous simulation models, which the paper reviews and dwells on.

Abstract- The article is devoted to the problems of information and communication problems and the potential of activity of supply chain management in them. The relationship between the level of increasing the democratization of socio-economic processes and the dialogue between members of the government and society has been revealed. A promising platform for these processes is web space. In different countries, a special relationship to the content and content of social networks of government representatives. According to the authors, supply chain management should be the most active, since it is they who are interested in the electorate to participate in electoral events