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Unlike most Asian and Latin American countries, sub-Saharan Africa has seen both an increase in population growth rates and a weakening of traditional patterns of child-spacing since the 1960s. It is tempting to conclude that sub-Saharan countries have simply not reached adequate levels of income, education, and urbanization for a fertility decline to occur. This book argues, however, that such a socioeconomic threshold hypothesis will not provide an adequate

Fertility in Belgium declined early and remained low compared with that in other European countries. For this reason, and because of the nation's heterogeneity, study of its demographic transition illuminates the relationship between fertility behavior and socioeconomic development. Professor Lesthaeghe first describes the Belgian experience in a way that permits direct comparison with that of other European nations. He then tests the several explanatory hypotheses for the European fertility decline against his data.Belgium's heterogeneity in the nineteenth-century and in the first half of the twentieth was economic, social, and cultural. Some areas of the country underwent industrialization as early as 1800-1830, while others shifted away from agriculture and artisanal modes of production only between 1880 and 1910. Between 1890 and 1900, regional fertility levels differed drastically, as did regional infant mortality rates and life expectancies at birth. In addition, wide variation occurred in the process of secularization, linguistic characteristics, demographic trends, and other cultural indicators. By describing and analyzing these data in relation to Belgium's fertility decline, Professor Lesthaeghe makes a major contribution to the theory of the demographic transition that occurred throughout Europe.Originally published in 1978.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905

Transnational islamic communities in a multilingual secular society / Ron Lesthaeghe -- On the selectivity and international dynamics of labour migration processes: an analysis of Turkish and Moroccan migration to Belgium / Georges Reniers -- Third wave of immigration from Turkey and Morocco: determinants and characteristics / John Lievens -- Islamic communities in Belgium: religious orientations and secularization / Ron Lesthaeghe, Karel Neels -- Social integration of ethnic minorities: indicators at the family level / John Surkyn -- Dimensions and determinants of integration-related attitudes among Turkish and Moroccan men in Belgium / Ron Lesthaeghe, Johan Surkyn, Ingrid Van Craenem -- Education and the transition to employment: young Turkish and Moroccan adults in Belgium / Karel Neels -- Reassessing the ethnic gap: employment of younger Turks and Moroccans in Belgium / Karel Neels, Reinhard Stoop -- Turkish and Moroccan ethnic enterprises in Belgium: who participates? / Guy Moors

AbstractThis introduction aims at placing the unfolding sub-patterns of the Asian "Second Demographic Transition" (SDT) in a global context by contrasting them with those of societies with other than patriarchal histories. Firstly, fertility transitions to below-replacement level can be achieved as part of the first "altruistic" transition without any SDT traits being present. Secondly, Asian societies are by no means immune to genuine SDT developments, as illustrated by the emergence and spread of pre-marital cohabitation. Thirdly, the SDT cohabitation pattern is still conservative: it is followed by marriage, pregnancies result in shotgun marriages or abortions, and parenthood within consensual unions remains rare. Also divorce rates are low. But it is also argued that all Asian cases are still at the beginning of the possible SDT evolution or have barely started it, and that old ways can die off rather quickly with the succession of generations. Finally, it is shown that the cultural component, i.e. the "Willingness" condition, can act as a bottleneck slowing down the transition to a new pattern of behaviour. We therefore illustrate on a global scale how the spread of cohabitation is part of a broader ethical revolution stressing individual rather than societal discretion in matters of life and death. On the basis of these profiles we expect stronger resistance to SDT patterns of partnerhip formation in Hindu and Muslim societies.

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Maps -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: A Geography of Cohabitation in the Americas, 1970-2010 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Motivation for a Map -- 3 The Making of the Map of Cohabitation -- 3.1 Gathering the Data -- 3.2 Identifying Unmarried Cohabitation -- 4 The Increase in Cohabitation in the Americas from a Regional Perspective -- 5 The Local View for 2000 and 2010 -- 6 Cohabitation in the Andean States -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: The Rise of Cohabitation in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1970-2011 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 "Old" and "New" Cohabitation -- 3 The Latin American Cohabitation Boom: The National Trends -- 4 The Education Gradient -- 5 Explaining the Rise in Cohabitation -- 5.1 Cohabitation as a Response to Economic Shocks -- 5.2 Lifting the Stigma: Cohabitation and Ideational Change -- 6 The Family Context of Cohabitation and Single Motherhood -- 7 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 3: Cohabitation and Marriage in Canada. The Geography, Law and Politics of Competing Views on Gender Equality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Terminology: Language Matters -- 3 Previous Research -- 4 Legal Context -- 5 Consensual Union as a Function of Age and Education -- 6 Hypotheses -- 7 Data and Methods -- 7.1 The Economic Role of the Woman in the Couple -- 7.2 The Level of Economic Security -- 7.3 Values -- 8 Results -- 8.1 The Economic Role of the Woman in the Couple -- 8.2 The Level of Economic Security -- 8.3 Values -- 9 Discussion -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: The Social Geography of Unmarried Cohabitation in the USA, 2007-2011 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Social Context and the Meaning of Cohabitation -- 3 Some Major Differentials in the Incidence of Current Cohabitation, 1990-2011.