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In an influential article Saxonhouse and Wright argued that the quality of local cotton was the single most important factor in explaining national preferences for ring or mule spinning. For Britain, they argue that mills using more flexible mule spindles could exploit arbitrage opportunities between different types of cotton in the Liverpool market, reducing the incentives to adopt rings. We use newly assembled price data to show that such cost-reducing arbitrage opportunities were small. We argue instead that the primary determinants of Lancashire's technological choice were demand factors, but that the availability of good raw cotton did determine technological choice in emerging cotton industries.

This paper re-examines theories previously advanced to explain Lancashire's slow adoption of ring spinning. New cost estimates show that although additional transport costs and technical complementarities between certain types of machine reduced ring adoption rates, these supply side constraints were not dominant. Instead what mattered most were demand side factors. Lancashire produced far more fine yarns than other countries and that yarn was better spun on mules. Furthermore, Lancashire had a sizeable export yarn trade, a market again more suited to mule spinning. Low ring adoption rates were a positive response to demand patterns dominated by high quality goods.

In the fall of 2017, before the Bundestag elections, the 18th German Bundestag decided that in future the first session of a new election period would no longer be opened by the oldest member in terms of years of age, but by the one who has been a member of the Bundestag the longest . Such a change is permissible on the basis of parliamentary self-organization rights . However, it has been suggested in the media and also by the AfD that the amendment was not intended to safeguard the ability of the age president to chair the session, but rather to avoid the age presidency of an AfD deputy . Against the background of previous age presidencies of AfD deputies in state parliaments since 2014, this paper examines the question of whether such a connection can actually be assumed in the amendment of the rules of procedure of the Bundestag and those of three other state parliaments .

Appointing vice presidents to the German state parliaments, as well as to the Bundestag, has come under greater public attention since the AfD has gained parliamentary representation . The AfD has often complained that it is prevented from exercising its right to nominate or appoint a vice president by the other parliamentary groups . This article examines the question of whether such rights actually exist and whether, as the AfD claims, changes have been made to constitutional provisions or parliamentary rules of procedure to the detriment of the AfD since 2014 . This is put in relation to the results that AfD candidates achieved in vice presidential elections in each case . While it can be seen that the legal provisions have indeed been changed frequently since 2014, there are only few cases that ostensibly followed the goal of preventing AfD-MPs from candidacies for the office of Vice President . At the same time, however, parliamentarians in most cases exercised their right to refuse to approve AfD candidates .

Im Bradford Royal Infirmary soll das erste durch Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) gesteuerte Krankenhaus Europas entstehen. Die neue Kommandozentrale erinnert ein wenig an das Raumschiff Enterprise oder das Nasa-Kontrollzentrum in Houston. Doch hier geht es nicht um All-Missionen, sondern um effiziente Klinikarbeit.

Expulsions of delegates from parliamentary factions are impactful, albeit rare, events . Following a discussion in the German Association for Parliamentary Affairs in 2004, the procedural rules of more than two-thirds of the parliamentary parties represented in Germany's federal and state assemblies between February 2017 and February 2019 are examined on how such expulsions are regulated: A vast majority of parliamentary groups have made arrangements for such a case . However, significant differences persist with regard to what preconditions need to be met and what quorum is required for expulsion . From a constitutional point of view, it appears especially problematic that many parliamentary groups allow expulsions due to a loss of party membership, without mandating a formal expulsion process . Also, parliamentary groups which entered parliament in more recent years tended to have more specified rulebooks than those of more senior parties .

"Inwieweit wurde das Subsidiaritätsprinzip bei der Kompetenzverteilung zwischen Bund und Ländern im Zuge der Verfassungsgebung 1948/49 tatsächlich berücksichtigt, wie in der politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung angenommen?" (Autorenreferat)

The coalition has given the Liberal Democrats the opportunity to demonstrate their support for – or opposition to – supply‐side economics. The person who has done most on the supply side is Ed Davey, in the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. In a remarkable legislative achievement for a Parliamentary Under Secretary in under two years in office, Davey ensured that the privatisation of Royal Mail reached the statute books, liberalised the terms and conditions for Post Office counters, and liberalised employment and retirement laws.