Suchergebnisse

Context: Low maternal free T4 (FT4) has been associated with poor child neurodevelopment in some single-center studies. Evidence remains scarce for the potential adverse effects of high FT4 and whether associations differ in countries with different iodine status. Objective: To assess the association of maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy with child neurodevelopment in countries with a different iodine status. Design, Setting, and Participants: Meta-analysis of individual participant data from 9036 mother–child pairs from three prospective population-based birth cohorts: INMA [Infancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood project) (Spain)], Generation R (Netherlands), and ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, United Kingdom). The exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, fertility treatments, thyroid-interfering medication usage, and known thyroid disease. Main Outcomes: Child nonverbal IQ at 5 to 8 years of age, verbal IQ at 1.5 to 8 years of age, and autistic traits within the clinical range at 5 to 8 years of age. Results: FT4 97.5th percentile was associated with a 1.9-fold (95% CI, 1.0 to 3.4) greater risk of autistic traits. No independent associations were found with TSH. Conclusions: Low maternal FT4 was consistently associated with a lower IQ across the cohorts. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings of autistic traits and investigate the potential modifying role of maternal iodine status. FT4 seems a reliable marker of fetal thyroid state in early pregnancy, regardless of the type of immunoassay. ; EUthyroid Project: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant 634453). INMA, Spain: This study was funded by grants from the European Union (grants FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1) and Spain: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grants Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FIS-FEDER: PI041436, PI05/1079, PI06/0867, PI081151, FIS- and PS09/00090, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, and PI16/1288, Miguel Servet-FEDER CP11/00178, CP15/00025, and CPII16/00051, MS13/00054), Generalitat Valenciana: FISABIO (grants UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Fundació La Marató de TV3 (grants 090430), Department of Health of the Basque Government (grants 2005111093 and 2009111069), and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (grants DFG06/004 and DFG08/001).

Context: Although the consequences of severe iodine deficiency are beyond doubt, the effects of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy on child neurodevelopment are less well established. Objective: To study the association between maternal iodine status during pregnancy and child IQ and identify vulnerable time windows of exposure to suboptimal iodine availability. Design: Meta-analysis of individual participant data from three prospective population-based birth cohorts: Generation R (Netherlands), INMA (Spain), and ALSPAC (United Kingdom); pregnant women were enrolled between 2002 and 2006, 2003 and 2008, and 1990 and 1992, respectively. Setting: General community. Participants: 6180 mother-child pairs with measures of urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations in pregnancy and child IQ. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, fertility treatment, medication affecting the thyroid, and preexisting thyroid disease. Main Outcome Measure: Child nonverbal and verbal IQ assessed at 1.5 to 8 years of age. Results: There was a positive curvilinear association of urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (UI/Creat) with mean verbal IQ only. UI/Creat <150 µg/g was not associated with lower nonverbal IQ (−0.6 point; 95% CI: −1.7 to 0.4 points; P = 0.246) or lower verbal IQ (−0.6 point; 95% CI: −1.3 to 0.1 points; P = 0.082). Stratified analyses showed that the association of UI/Creat with verbal IQ was only present up to 14 weeks of gestation. Conclusions: Fetal brain development is vulnerable to mild to moderate iodine deficiency, particularly in the first trimester. Our results show that potential randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of iodine supplementation in women with mild to moderate iodine deficiency on child neurodevelopment should begin supplementation not later than the first trimester. ; The INMA study, Spain, was funded by grants from UE (FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1) and Spain: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; FIS-FEDER: PI041436, PI05/1079, PI06/0867, PI081151, FIS-and PS09/00090, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, and PI16/1288; Miguel Servet-FEDER CP11/00178, CP15/00025, and CPII16/00051, MS13/00054), Generalitat Valenciana: FISABIO (UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Fundació La marató de TV3 (090430), Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069), and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001). The ALSPAC study, United Kingdom, is supported by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol, which provides core support for the ALSPAC. We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists, and nurses. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). The existing iodine measurements in ALSPAC were funded from (i) the NUTRIMENTHE project, which received a research grant from the European Community's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2008–2013) under grant agreement 212652; and (ii) a PhD studentship that was funded by Wassen International and the Waterloo Foundation (2009 to 2012).