Suchergebnisse

Today there are several common approaches to the study of addictive consumer choice. However, one of the existing approaches is often overlooked due to its complexity. This article aims to fill this gap. We start with a brief retrospective overview of the history of the issue and proceed by a detailed analysis of current research in the field of choice theory which takes into account the evolution of preferences over time in the presence of addiction. These preferences lead to deviation of a rational consumer from rationality under the influence of temptation, addiction, desire to have a greater choice etc.

In den dokumentierten und einleitend kommentierten Auszügen aus pädagogischen Zeitschriften der UdSSR werden zwei sehr unterschiedliche Problemkreise angesprochen, mit denen sich die schulische Erziehung in der UdSSR konfrontiert sieht. Zum einen sind dies Konflikte zwischen kommunistischem Atheismus und aufbrechender Religiosität, zum anderen ist dies das Problem des Schüleralkoholismus und der Schülerdrogensucht. (BIOst-Hml)

Analyse und Auswertung einer Umfrage in zwei von Schwarzen bewohnten Stadtvierteln über die im informellen Sektor ausgeübten Aktivitäten, die ökonomische Bedeutung dieses Wirtschaftszweiges und Hemmnisse für seine erfolgreiche Entwicklung. (DÜI-Fwr)

BACKGROUND: The complement system is a central component of the innate immune system. Constitutive biosynthesis of complement proteins is essential for homeostasis. Dysregulation as a consequence of genetic or environmental cues can lead to inflammatory syndromes or increased susceptibility to infection. However, very little is known about steady state levels in children or its kinetics during infection. METHODS: With a newly developed multiplex mass spectrometry-based method we analyzed the levels of 32 complement proteins in healthy individuals and in a group of pediatric patients infected with bacterial or viral pathogens. FINDINGS: In plasma from young infants we found reduced levels of C4BP, ficolin-3, factor B, classical pathway components C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1R, and terminal pathway components C5, C8, C9, as compared to healthy adults; whereas the majority of complement regulating (inhibitory) proteins reach adult levels at very young age. Both viral and bacterial infections in children generally lead to a slight overall increase in complement levels, with some exceptions. The kinetics of complement levels during invasive bacterial infections only showed minor changes, except for a significant increase and decrease of CRP and clusterin, respectively. INTERPRETATION: The combination of lower levels of activating and higher levels of regulating complement proteins, would potentially raise the threshold of activation, which might lead to suppressed complement activation in the first phase of life. There is hardly any measurable complement consumption during bacterial or viral infection. Altogether, expression of the complement proteins appears surprisingly stable, which suggests that the system is continuously replenished. FUND: European Union's Horizon 2020, project PERFORM, grant agreement No. 668303.