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Following the post 9/11 distribution of anthrax spores through the U.S. mail, and the resulting deaths of five individuals - primarily due to initial misdiagnosis - there has been a renewed interest in anthrax among clinicians and intelligence agencies, particularly as a biological warfare agent. This monograph brings forth essential knowledge about anthrax. Included in this volume, are, the early history, non-natural outbreaks of anthrax, characteristics of the causative organism Bacillus anthracis and its relationship to other members of the B. cereus family. Also included are reports on extensive clinical findings, mechanisms of anthrax virulence and the genetics responsible for these virulence factors. The extensive studies over the years regarding the development of veterinary and human vaccines, and molecular studies, including conventional PCR and real-time PCR are explained in comprehensive detail, with the help of tables, figures and extensive references. This eBook serves as an advanced presentation and reference work for individuals seeking detailed information regarding anthrax and as a primary guide for individuals pursuing studies on anthrax.

Der Beitrag informiert über die Entwicklung der Grundlagenforschung und die Entwicklung der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften im Jahre 1992 und geht darüber hinaus auf die Rolle und Aufgaben des Wissenschaftsministeriums sowie die Probleme der Hochschulausbildung ein. Sowohl die Wissenschaft als auch die Hochschulen leiden an einem Mangel an finanziellen und materiellen Ressourcen. Diese Krise wird noch einige Zeit andauern. (BIOst-Srt)

Der Verfasser stellt den Prozeß der Vereinigung der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR im November/Dezember 1991 dar und geht näher auf die Reorganisation der russischen Wissenschaftsadministration und die Neuformulierung der Ziele der russischen Wissenschaftspolitik ein. (BIOst-Srt)

In October 1985, when I first began research on the case of Academician Luzin, rumors had surfaced in the Soviet Union that new official regulations would require scientific articles containing no classified information to be published in Soviet journals before they could be cleared for publication abroad. The rumors were true. The effect of these new regulations clearly resembled the campaign against the mathematician Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin, which had taken place fifty years before. Luzin was the victim of the first Soviet mass media campaign against such publication. The case against him appears to be an insignificant moment in the witch-hunting mania of the 1930s, since the propaganda was apparently aimed only at one full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and his alleged misconduct.

The year 1929 was a watershed in the long history of the St. Petersburg Imperial, later Russian, and, finally, Soviet Academy of Sciences. In that year the leadership of the academy, its membership, and personnel were drastically and irreversibly changed. Even during the first postrevolutionary decade the academy retained semi-autonomy in its traditional capacity as a local scholarly body. The modern Soviet Academy of Sciences, however, is known to be a huge bureaucratic "empire of knowledge." It is rigidly controlled by the party apparatus and regarded as an important instrument for the realization of the scientific, technological, and ideological policy dictated by the Soviet leadership and the general political interests of the Soviet ruling class. Undoubtedly, the historical transformation of the academy passed through many stages, but the process itself originated in 1929.

Introduction: Changing times, changing needs, changing responses -- Never too young to be sexy : living with children in today's sexualized world -- From Barbie to Bratz and beyond : sexy sells -- Sexual development derailed : the toll on children -- The toll on parents, families, and schools -- Helping children through the minefields : what parents, families and schools can do -- Working it out together : the power of connecting deeply with children -- The sexualized child enters adolescence : the floodgates open -- Helping teenagers through the minefields -- Creating a new cultural environment

What rights govern heterosexual and homosexual behaviors? Two distinguished philosophers debate this important issue in Sexual Orientation and Human Rights. Laurence Thomas argues that a society which has the constitutional resources to protect hate groups can protect homosexuals without valorizing the homosexual life-style. He defends the view that the Bible cannot warrant the venom that, in the name of religion, is often expressed against homosexuals. Michael Levin defends the unorthodox view that the aversion some people experience toward homosexuality deserves respect. He further argues th