Suchergebnisse

Trends in the use of child domestic servants in six Latin American countries are detailed using IPUMS‐International census samples for 1960 to 2000. Child domestics are among the most vulnerable of child workers and the most invisible. They may be treated well and allowed to attend school, or they may be secluded in their employers' homes, ill‐treated, overworked, and unable to leave or report their difficulties to kin. Estimates and imputations are based on labor force and relationship‐to‐head‐of‐household information. We find that domestic service makes up a substantial fraction of girls' employment in some countries. We also analyze trends in live‐in versus live‐out status and school enrollment of child domestic servants. While all child workers are disadvantaged in enrollment relative to non‐workers, domestics are sometimes better off than non‐domestic workers. In some of the censuses examined, live‐ins are more likely to go to school than live‐out child domestics. In others, they are substantially worse off.

This article analyzes age and experience profiles of earnings inequality for U.S. and Brazilian males. Decomposition of the inequality profiles using a standard human capital earnings equation clarifies the determinants of cross‐sectional inequality profiles and demonstrates a number of important differences in the shape of the two countries' profiles and in their underlying components. Most dramatic are Brazil's higher returns to schooling and higher variance in years of schooling, both factors contributing to the significantly higher level of income inequality in Brazil. Changes in the distribution of schooling across cohorts are shown to play a central role in explaining cross‐sectional inequality profiles within each country and differences in earnings inequality in the United States and Brazil.

The focus of most educational studies has been either on education alone or on paid labour market work as the primary deterrent to schooling. Owing to a lack of data, the majority of studies have focused on whether children engage activities or not, as opposed to how much time they spend on those activities. In contrast, this paper uses detailed information on hours spent in paid work, unpaid work, household chores, and school, and focuses on girls' time allocated to those activities in Peru. (DSE/DÜI)

1. Children and Youth as Subjects, Objects, Agents: An Introduction; Deborah Levison, Mary Jo Maynes, and Frances Vavrus -- Section 1: Construction of Children and Youth as Subjects -- 2. "So How's Your Childhood Going?": A Historian of Childhood Confronts Her Own Archive; Elena Jackson Albarrán -- 3. Encountering Emotions in the Archive of Childhood and Youth; Emily C. Bruce -- 4. Visualizing the Space of Childhood and Youth -- 5. Turning Off the Recorder: Caring Relationships in Research with Youth; Judith Josephat Merinyo and Laura Wangsness Willemsen -- 6. Productive Tensions in Interdisciplinary and Mixed-methods Research on Youths' Livelihoods; Joan DeJaeghere -- Section 2: Critiquing Objectification of Children and Youth -- 7. The Daughters of Bengal: A History of the Girl Victim under 'Western Eyes'; Samia Khatun -- 8. Search for the Child in Colonial Uganda's Educational Archives; Elisabeth E. Lefebvre. 9. Black Sites of Speculation: A Case for Theorizing Black Childhood as a Subject in Black Adult Narratives; Tammy C. Owens -- 10. Archives, Adoption Records, and Owning Historical Memory; Kelly Condit-Shrestha -- 11. Global Girl Policy and the Girl Effect: Gendered Origins and Silences; Karen Brown -- Section 3: Recognizing Children and Youth as Agents -- 12. Is It Okay to Critique Youth Activists?: Notes on the Power and Danger of Complexity; Jessica K. Taft -- 13. Re/writing Gendered Scripts: A Longitudinal Research Partnership Reshaping Gender and Education Policy and Praxis in Zanzibar, Tanzania; Emily Markovich Morris -- 14. Generational Power in Research with Children: Reflections on Risk and 'Voice'; Anna Bolgrien, Deborah Levison, and Frances Vavrus -- 15. Youth Circulations: Tracing the Real and Imagined Circulations of Global Youth; Lauren Heidbrink and Michele Statz.