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This single-volume work provides a concise, up-to-date, and reliable reference work that students, teachers, and general readers can turn to for a comprehensive overview of the civil rights movement-a period of time incorporating events that shaped today's society

In this provocative revisionist work, Evonne Levy brings fresh theoretical perspectives to the study of the "propagandistic" art and architecture of the Jesuit order as exemplified by its late Baroque Roman church interiors. The first extensive analysis of the aims, mechanisms, and effects of Jesuit art and architecture, this original and sophisticated study also evaluates how the term "propaganda" functions in art history, distinguishes it from rhetoric, and proposes a precise use of the term for the visual arts for the first time. Levy begins by looking at Nazi architecture as a gateway to the emotional and ethical issues raised by the term "propaganda." Jesuit art once stirred similar passions, as she shows in a discussion of the controversial nineteenth-century rubric the "Jesuit Style." She then considers three central aspects of Jesuit art as essential components of propaganda: authorship, message, and diffusion. Levy tests her theoretical formulations against a broad range of documents and works of art, including the Chapel of St. Ignatius and other major works in Rome by Andrea Pozzo as well as chapels in Central Europe and Poland. Innovative in bringing a broad range of social and critical theory to bear on Baroque art and architecture in Europe and beyond, Levy's work highlights the subject-forming capacity of early modern Catholic art and architecture while establishing "propaganda" as a productive term for art history

It is a well-documented fact that wealth is distributed according to a power-law (Pareto) distribution at high wealth levels. Various models of wealth accumulation have been suggested in order to explain this empirical wealth distribution. Although these models are quite different one from the other, they are all based on a stochastic multiplicative process, and they all assume homogeneous talent: in these models the only source of inequality is the randomness of the process – luck! These models encounter two serious objections: a) it is claimed that the time it would take a stochastic homogeneous-talent process to generate the Pareto distribution is incredibly long, and b) many consider it unreasonable to assume homogeneous investment talent. Obviously, the provocative idea that inequality is primarily due to change rather than talent has profound political, social, and philosophical implications. In this paper, we hope to shed some light on this controversy with evidence from a unique experiment in which the initial wealth of all participants is equal and real out-of-pocket is involved. We find a convergence of the experimental wealth distribution of the Pareto distribution which is astonishing both in its speed (less than 10 trading sounds), and in its goodness-of-fit ( R^2 > 0.97). Moreover, the Pareto parameter we find is similar in magnitude to the Pareto parameter of the actual wealth distribution in western countries. Analysis of the performance of the 63 participants in the experiment reveals that the differences in terminal wealth are primarily due to chance, rather than talent.