Suchergebnisse

Este artigo analisa a mercantilização do espaço urbano através da gentrificação, instrumento de "revitalização" de áreas degradadas que descaracteriza o uso, a arquitetura, e a memória da cidade, violando inclusive normas urbanísticas. Como cenário de análise, aborda-se o caso do Bar do Parque, em Belém, quiosque localizado no centro da cidade, de estilo Art Nouveau, símbolo da belle époque amazônica, que representa um espaço de deliberação política e de manifestações sociais e culturais da cidade. Conclui-se que o processo de gentrificação, quando influenciado pelo modelo urbano neoliberal, contribui para aprofundar o processo de segregação e fragmentação nas cidades.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most common, debilitating and difficult symptoms to manage after a mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion. However, the mechanisms underlying PTH remain elusive, in part due to the lack of a clinically relevant animal model. Here, we characterized for the first time, headache and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of concussion evoked by a mild closed head injury (mCHI) – the major type of military and civilian related trauma associated with PTH – and tested responses to current and novel headache therapies. METHODS: Concussion was induced in adult male rats using a weight-drop device. Characterization of headache and pain related behaviours included assessment of cutaneous tactile pain sensitivity, using von Frey monofilaments, and ongoing pain using the conditioned place preference or aversion (CPP/CPA) paradigms. Sensitivity to headache/migraine triggers was tested by exposing rats to low-dose glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Treatments included acute systemic administration of sumatriptan and chronic systemic administration of a mouse anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Concussed rats developed cephalic tactile pain hypersensitivity that was resolved by two weeks post-injury and was ameliorated by treatment with sumatriptan or anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. Sumatriptan also produced CPP seven days post mCHI, but not in sham animals. Following the resolution of the concussion-evoked cephalic hypersensitivity, administration of GTN produced a renewed and pronounced cephalic pain hypersensitivity that was inhibited by sumatriptan or anti-CGRP antibody treatment as well as a CGRP-dependent CPA. GTN had no effect in sham animals. CONCLUSIONS: Concussion leads to the development of headache and pain-related behaviours, in particular sustained enhanced responses to GTN, that are mediated through a CGRP-dependent mechanism. Treatment with anti-CGRP antibodies may be a useful approach to treat PTH.

To assess nonexperimental (NX) evaluation methods in the context of welfare, job training, and employment services programs, the authors reexamined the results of twelve case studies intended to replicate impact estimates from an experimental evaluation by using NX methods. They found that the NX methods sometimes came close to replicating experimentally derived results but often produced estimates that differed by policy-relevant margins, which the authors interpret as estimates of bias. Although the authors identified several study design factors associated with smaller discrepancies, no combination of factors would consistently eliminate discrepancies. Even with a large number of impact estimates, the positive and negative bias estimates did not always cancel each other out. Thus, it was difficult to identify an aggregation strategy that consistently removed bias while answering a focused question about earnings impacts of a program. They conclude that although the empirical evidence from this literature can be used in the context of training and welfare programs to improve NX research designs, it cannot on its own justify the use of such designs.

To assess nonexperimental (NX) evaluation methods in the context of welfare, job training, & employment services programs, the authors reexamined the results of twelve case studies intended to replicate impact estimates from an experimental evaluation by using NX methods. They found that the NX methods sometimes came close to replicating experimentally derived results but often produced estimates that differed by policy relevant margins, which the authors interpret as estimates of bias. Although the authors identified several study design factors associated with smaller discrepancies, no combination of factors would consistently eliminate discrepancies. Even with a large number of impact estimates, the positive & negative bias estimates did not always cancel each other out. Thus, it was difficult to identify an aggregation strategy that consistently removed bias while answering a focused question about earnings impacts of a program. They conclude that although the empirical evidence from this literature can be used in the context of training & welfare programs to improve NX research designs, it cannot on its own justify the use of such designs. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications, Inc.]

We evaluate the causal effects of a program that constructed high quality girl-friendly primary schools in Burkina Faso, using a regression discontinuity design 2.5 years after the program started. We find that the program increased enrollment of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 by 20 percentage points and increased their test scores by 0.45 standard deviations. The change in test scores for those children caused to attend school by the program is 2.2 standard deviations. We also find that the program was particularly effective for girls, increasing their enrollment rate by 5 percentage points more than boys', although this did not translate into a differential effect on test scores. Disentangling the effects of school access from the unique characteristics of the new schools, we find that the unique characteristics were responsible for a 13 percentage point increase in enrollment and 0.35 standard deviations in test scores, while simply providing a school increased enrollment by 26.5 percentage points and test scores by 0.323 standard deviations. The unique characteristics of the school account for the entire difference in the treatment effect by gender.

Mixing across racial and ethnic lines could spur understanding or inflame tensions between groups. We find that white students at a large state university randomly assigned African American roommates in their first year were more likely to endorse affirmative action and view a diverse student body as essential for a high-quality education. They were also more likely to say they have more personal contact with, and interact more comfortably with, members of minority groups. Although sample sizes are too small to provide definitive evidence, these results suggest students become more empathetic with the social groups to which their roommates belong.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Why Did Venezuelan Growth Collapse? -- 2 Venezuela After a Century of Oil Exploitation -- 3 Public Investment and Productivity Growth in the Venezuelan Manufacturing Industry -- 4 The Incidence of Labor Market Reforms on Employment in the Venezuelan Manufacturing Sector, 1995–2001 -- 5 Understanding Economic Growth in Venezuela, 1970–2005: The Real Effects of a Financial Collapse -- 6 Much Higher Schooling, Much Lower Wages: Human Capital and Economic Collapse in Venezuela -- 7 Income Distribution and Redistribution in Venezuela -- 8 Competing for Jobs or Creating Jobs? The Impact of Immigration on Native-Born Unemployment in Venezuela, 1980–2003 -- 9 Sleeping in the Bed One Makes: The Venezuelan Fiscal Policy Response to the Oil Boom -- 10 Institutional Collapse: The Rise and Decline of Democratic Governance in Venezuela -- 11 The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Venezuela -- 12 Explaining Chavismo: The Unexpected Alliance of Radical Leftists and the Military in Venezuela under Hugo Chávez -- 13 Oil, Macro Volatility, and Crime in the Determination of Beliefs in Venezuela -- 14 Understanding the Collapse: Venezuela's Experience in Cross-National Perspective -- Contributors -- Index