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This paper examines the employment mobility and returns to technical and vocational training (TVET) relative to general education in Tanzania, using data from the 2014 Integrated Labour Force Survey (ILFS). The results show that TVET training facilitates individual easy transition into employment. As it has been shown, both in descriptive statistics and regression results, that technical, on job training, vocational and apprenticeship training are particularly important in acquiring formal employment. The results further show that, though the returns to general education (GED) and TVET are positive and statistically significant, on average those with TVET trainings are earning relatively less than those with general education, implying lower returns to TVET graduates compared to general education graduates. The descriptive statistics confirm this by showing that, in Tanzania, workers with university degree earns twice of those with technical training and three times those with vocational training. Clearly, two implications stand out here: one, technical and vocational training are very instrumental in addressing the rising youth unemployment; and two, to make it attractive to parents and students governments across the region has to work towards raising the returns to TVET.

About one-half of Africa's population will remain below age 30 well past 2050,with relatively few aged 60 and older. Using Tanzania's projected demographics and presenteconomic point of departure, this paper demonstrates how the implicit "double"demographic dividend can be harnessed to create inclusive growth. A Swedish-style non financial defined contribution (NDC) system is launched where the government can borrow funds from the future through NDC "consol" bonds to transform individual savings into human and physical capital to promote inclusive economic growth. The consol bonds constitute a reserve to cover pensions of the retiring "demographic bubble" in the future as the dependency ratio gradually glides into demographic equilibrium. Minimum transfers tothe current elderly are also introduced with the phase-in.

This paper analyses the effect of food price changes on household consumption (welfare) in Tanzania during the 1990s and 2000s, and simulates the welfare effect attributable to tax (tariffs and VAT) reforms, distinguishing both static (first order) and dynamic (full price) effects of price changes. The three rounds of the Tanzania Household Budget Survey (1991/92, 2000/01 and 2007) are used to estimate consumers'responses using Deaton's method, based on median unit values (prices) and household budget shares. These are then utilized, first to evaluate the distributional impacts of the relative food price changes on consumer welfare in terms of compensating variation and secondly to organise the households into quintiles to simulate the effect of indirect (tariffs and VAT) tax changes on consumer welfare. The results indicate that, in real terms, price increases have worsened the welfare of most consumers during the 1990s and 2000s; the poor, in particular the rural poor, bore much of the brunt compared to the non-poor (in particular the urban non-poor). The welfare losses in the 2000s were greater than those in the 1990s. Although we cannot establish explicit links between tax reforms and domestic food price changes, the simulation shows that tax reforms tended to offset the welfare losses for all household groups. However, the non-poor and urban poor benefit more in relative terms from tax reforms; the rural poor benefit least (and to the extent that pass through is incomplete we overstate the benefit to rural households).