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This research mainly studies the factors influencing the efficiency of energy utilization. Firstly, by calculating Moran&rsquo ; sI and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) of energy efficiency of regions in mainland China, we found that energy efficiency shows obvious spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering phenomena. Secondly, we established the spatial quantile autoregression (SQAR) model, in which the energy efficiency is the response variable with seven influence factors. The seven factors include industrial structure, resource endowment, level of economic development etc. Based on the provincial panel data (1998&ndash ; 2016) of mainland China (data source: China Statistical Yearbook, Statistical Yearbook of provinces), the findings indicate that level of economic development and industrial structure have a significant role in promoting energy efficient. Resource endowment, government intervention and energy efficiency show a negative correlation. However, the negative effect of government intervention is weakened with the increase of energy efficiency. Lastly, we compare the results of SQAR with that of ordinary spatial autoregression (SAR). The empirical result shows that the SQAR model is superior to SAR model in influencing factors analysis of energy efficiency.

PurposeIn the modern increasingly competitive milieu of cause marketing activities, both profit and nonprofit organizations expect their advocation of prosocial programs to gain the support of target customers. Previous research shows the effect from adding participant's personal attributes or social influence factors. This study considers the effects of benefit incentives and cost/reward influences to enhance prosocial behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThree between-subject experiments were conducted and SPSS Statistics ANOVA was employed to analyze the experimental results.FindingsRewarding time delays and prosocial efforts have no significant impact on the relationship between other-benefit incentives and willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors, but do significantly impact the self-benefit incentives condition. However, the negative effect of self-benefit condition can be mitigated by high rewards.Research limitations/implicationsSince prosocial campaigns proposed by organizations in this study include both profit and nonprofit organizations, perhaps two category organization types should be attentively classified to evaluate the effects.Practical implicationsUnder social marketing campaigns with self-benefit incentives conditions, the empirical findings of this study show that profit and nonprofit organizations can provide higher reward values to mitigate the adverse effects of high participating costs.Social implicationsSocial marketing campaigns with other-benefit incentives are less affected by high participating costs and highlight the value of altruism.Originality/valueThis study provides valuable suggestions for both profit and nonprofit organizations to use self-benefit/other-benefit incentives under cost related factors influence to encourage customers' prosocial behaviors.

Abstract
Adult salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPC) have an intrinsic property to self-renew in order to maintain tissue architecture and homeostasis. Adult salivary glands have been documented to harbor SSPC, which have been shown to play a vital role in the regeneration of the glandular structures postradiation damage. We have previously demonstrated that activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) after radiation reduced aldehyde accumulation in SSPC, leading to less apoptosis and improved salivary function. We subsequently found that sustained pharmacological ALDH3A1 activation is critical to enhance regeneration of murine submandibular gland after radiation damage. Further investigation shows that ALDH3A1 function is crucial for SSPC self-renewal and survival even in the absence of radiation stress. Salivary glands from Aldh3a1–/– mice have fewer acinar structures than wildtype mice. ALDH3A1 deletion or pharmacological inhibition in SSPC leads to a decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number, lower expression of mitochondrial specific genes and proteins, structural abnormalities, lower membrane potential, and reduced cellular respiration. Loss or inhibition of ALDH3A1 also elevates ROS levels, depletes glutathione pool, and accumulates ALDH3A1 substrate 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, a lipid peroxidation product), leading to decreased survival of murine SSPC that can be rescued by treatment with 4-HNE specific carbonyl scavengers. Our data indicate that ALDH3A1 activity protects mitochondrial function and is important for the regeneration activity of SSPC. This knowledge will help to guide our translational strategy of applying ALDH3A1 activators in the clinic to prevent radiation-related hyposalivation in head and neck cancer patients.