Suchergebnisse

This paper analyzes the social and ecological changes of Macao's sovereignty before and after China's return from the aspects of population and land, economic structure and social structure. The authors believe that the tension between population and land is a fundamental issue in Macao's social ecology. After the return of Macao sovereignty to China, Macao residents increased rapidly, and land use growth was slow. The economic structure of Macao is relatively simple. Although Macao is trying to explore industrial diversification, the economic structure of its gaming industry is hard to change. After the return of sovereignty, the changes in the educational structure and employment structure of Macao reflect the social stratification and niche of different families and groups in Macao. In the past about 20 years since the return of Macao sovereignty to China, there have been some changes in human-land relations and urban space, industrial adjustment and economic structure, cultural education, and labor employment. These changes have had a profound impact on the future social development of Macao. Due to the scarcity of land resources and the urgent need for low-rent housing, the issue of rational development and utilization of Macao's land has become the focus of the Macao people. Before the moderate diversification of the economy and the diversification of local employment, Macao's long-term stability and prosperity have developed a long way. The natural ecology of human-land relations, the economic ecology of gambling and related services, and the multi-ecological interweaving of the social and cultural ecology of education and employment bias have added new features to Macao's public administration and social governance. In the future development of Macao, it is necessary to take effective measures in the areas of politics, economy, population, and education on the basis of changes in the international and domestic environment to promote social stability and prosperity in Macao.

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to explore how mother–child interactions shape Chinese rural–urban migrant women's maternal guilt, and vice versa.BackgroundMigrant mothers are documented to experience intense feelings of guilt due to long‐term separation from their children. Research on maternal guilt frequently conceptualizes guilt as a negative self‐judgement of mothers without considering the bidirectional interplay between mother–child interactions and mothers' guilt feelings.MethodData were drawn from semistructured interviews with 24 Chinese rural–urban migrant mothers who voiced profound guilt for leaving their children behind. The research was carried out following a grounded theory approach.ResultsResults demonstrate left‐behind children's power to elicit, exacerbate, and alleviate their mothers' guilt, which in turn prompts migrant mothers to engage in a wide range of compensatory practices to remedy their relationships with their children.ConclusionThese interpersonal dynamics highlight the relational nature of maternal guilt; the double victimization, both by public discourses and family members, experienced by migrant mothers; and the mutual support that can be offered between mothers and children.ImplicationsMother–child interactions should be considered when studying maternal guilt. Findings from this study have important implications for policy making and interventions to support migrant families.

Macroeconomics has paid profound attention to policy studies over the last decades. My PhD thesis discusses how to assess scal policy over the business cycle in unconventional but justifiable environments - either with nonstandard preferences or with less-studied idiosyncratic risks. Chapter 1 justifies policy interventions with exotic preferences. I study a production economy with preferences featuring loss aversion, a core concept commonly accepted in behavioral economics. The representative household obtains utility directly from fluctuations of asset returns, in addition to consumption. I ask whether loss aversion affects equilibrium conditions, whether equilibrium is efficient, and what Ramsey optimal fiscal policy is. I show analytically that the more loss aversion and the more concerns on the psychological utility, the less investment in risky assets in the risky steady state of equilibrium. Numerical results show that capital stock, consumption and output decrease as loss aversion parameters increase. I uncover that the competitive equilibrium is inefficient as long as the agent is loss averse due to pecuniary externality. The household does not internalize the price effect on her welfare so that she invests more in capital than the optimum requires. The Ramsey allocation rationalizes policy interventions: the government should tax capital accumulation to reduce capital stock and raise equity premium. Chapter 2 studies the effect of fiscal policy on investment and the welfare of heterogeneous agents over the business cycle considering independent and identically distributed idiosyncratic investment risks whose volatility is assumed to be countercyclical in line with data. All entrepreneurs make identical saving and portfolio choices each period, allowing for exact aggregation which facilitates computation. The model matches income inequality and dynamics of the income distribution over the cycle in the US data. The government sets rules of capital income tax rate and debt as functions of current output. I calibrate the cyclicality of scal policy to the US data as the baseline and adjust the parameters indicating cyclicality to study the effect of counterfactual policy. Both capital tax and debt policy create welfare conflicts between entrepreneurs and workers. The policy that optimizes utilitarian social utility specifies that the capital income tax rate should increase by 0.45 percentage point and the debt should increase by 0.37% facing a 1% decrease in output. It is possible that the government should reduce the capital tax in the recession if it increases the weight of workers on social welfare. The impulse response of aggregate variables to a negative productivity shock indicates that in general, the higher capital tax rate and the less debt when the adverse shock hits, the higher capital and output in the early stage after the shock. The result of the welfare conflict is robust to a constant labor tax and a varying consumption tax, but not to the removal of countercyclicality of idiosyncratic investment risks or to no idiosyncratic risks. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Empresa y Finanzas ; Presidente: Anastasios Karantounias; Secretario: Javier Pérez; Vocal: Andrés Erosa Etchebehere