Suchergebnisse

AbstractWe consider a finite‐horizon, periodic‐review system for a perishable product at a retailer that faces stochastic, age‐dependent demand and loses excess demand, if any. For this system, we build three models that capture two sources of unfilled demand, insufficient inventory and inappropriate age, and penalize them at different rates. The models are characterized by increasing replenishment flexibility, and the goal of each model is to identify when to place an order and the quantity whenever an order is placed. In the first model, reorder intervals are equal. In the second model, reorder intervals can vary across orders. In the third model, reorder intervals continue to remain flexible but the retailer can also partially salvage her inventory whenever she has excess inventory. Using the models, we explore the effect of lost‐sales penalties on the structure of the optimal value function. We find that the inventory‐related cost in a period may lack convexity if the ratio of penalties for stockout and high age is below a threshold, which percolates to the value function as well. We also identify properties of the optimal replenishment policy for the three models. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments to identify the marginal value added by the flexibility in reorder intervals and the option to partially salvage inventory as a function of model parameters.

AbstractWe consider a periodic review model over a finite horizon for a perishable product with fixed lifetime equal to two review periods. The excess demand in a period is backlogged. The optimal replenishment and demand management (using price) decisions for such a product depend on the relative order of consumption of fresh and old units. We obtain insights on the structure of these decisions when the order of consumption is first‐in, first‐out and last‐in, first‐out. For the FIFO system, we also obtain bounds on both the optimal replenishment quantity as well as expected demand. We compare the FIFO system to two widely analyzed inventory systems that correspond to nonperishable and one‐period lifetime products to understand if demand management would modify our understanding of the relationship among the three systems. In a counterintuitive result, we find that it is more likely that bigger orders are placed in the FIFO system than for a nonperishable product when demand is managed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013

The aim of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of the influence and spread of European opera art in Chinese music culture throughout more than one and a half century of its development (from the last quarter of 18th century to the end of 1940s)Research methodology is based on the combined usage of culturological, historical and comparative methods.Results. Historical, political and cultural events that occurred in the late 18th century and in the early 20th century had significant influence on the spread of European opera art in this country. The wide spread of European opera is the most notable in the early 20th century. German, Russian and Ukrainian migrants, as well as touring artists from all over Europe played a major role in this. Active concert performance and pedagogical activities of these artists were mostly unfolding in the large Chinese cities — Beijing, Harbin, Shanghai, Nanjing and others. Due to the actions of the talented people, various partnerships, associations and unions were being created for the main purpose of popularizing the best European opera works and spreading them in the Chinese cultural space.Novelty. The characteristic features of the influence that European opera art had on Chinese music culture of the late 18th — early 20th century are reviewed for the first time in Ukrainian art studies and culturology.The practical significance. Studying the influence of European opera art on Chinese music will ensure broader understanding of intercultural relations of East and West.Conclusions. The general influence of European opera art played a major role in further formation and development of Chinese professional music, greatly influencing its cultural enrichment. ; Розглянуто проблему впливу європейського оперного мистецтва на професійну китайську музику періоду кінця ХVIII — першої половини ХХ ст. в контексті культурного діалогу «Схід — Захід». Визначено суттєве значення в поширенні цього виду мистецтва історичних, політичних та культурних подій і явищ, які відбувалися в країні в зазначений період. З'ясовано, що процес найактивнішого поширення європейської опери в Китаї починався з ХХ ст., обґрунтовано важливу роль у ньому творчої діяльності відомих співаків-емігрантів (як виконавської, так і вокально-педагогічної), а також багатьох відомих оперних артистів, котрі приїздили на гастролі до Китаю з різних країн Європи.

The aim of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of the influence and spread of European opera art in Chinese music culture throughout more than one and a half century of its development (from the last quarter of 18th century to the end of 1940s)Research methodology is based on the combined usage of culturological, historical and comparative methods.Results. Historical, political and cultural events that occurred in the late 18th century and in the early 20th century had significant influence on the spread of European opera art in this country. The wide spread of European opera is the most notable in the early 20th century. German, Russian and Ukrainian migrants, as well as touring artists from all over Europe played a major role in this. Active concert performance and pedagogical activities of these artists were mostly unfolding in the large Chinese cities — Beijing, Harbin, Shanghai, Nanjing and others. Due to the actions of the talented people, various partnerships, associations and unions were being created for the main purpose of popularizing the best European opera works and spreading them in the Chinese cultural space.Novelty. The characteristic features of the influence that European opera art had on Chinese music culture of the late 18th — early 20th century are reviewed for the first time in Ukrainian art studies and culturology.The practical significance. Studying the influence of European opera art on Chinese music will ensure broader understanding of intercultural relations of East and West.Conclusions. The general influence of European opera art played a major role in further formation and development of Chinese professional music, greatly influencing its cultural enrichment. ; Розглянуто проблему впливу європейського оперного мистецтва на професійну китайську музику періоду кінця ХVIII — першої половини ХХ ст. в контексті культурного діалогу «Схід — Захід». Визначено суттєве значення в поширенні цього виду мистецтва історичних, політичних та культурних подій і явищ, які відбувалися в країні в зазначений період. З'ясовано, що процес найактивнішого поширення європейської опери в Китаї починався з ХХ ст., обґрунтовано важливу роль у ньому творчої діяльності відомих співаків-емігрантів (як виконавської, так і вокально-педагогічної), а також багатьох відомих оперних артистів, котрі приїздили на гастролі до Китаю з різних країн Європи.

In this paper, I analyze an example in which two perfectly informed experts advise a decision maker. Each expert has private information about her own bias. I show that consulting two experts is better than consulting just one. I compare the efficiency of information transmission between simultaneous, sequential, and hierarchical forms of communication. I show that simultaneous communication achieves the highest efficiency, followed by sequential and hierarchical communication. However, hierarchical communication, in which a second expert chooses whether to block the first expert's message, achieves a moderate level of efficiency, even though the decision maker receives only one message. Finally, there are preference settings in which both sequential and hierarchical communication are superior to simultaneous communication.