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Abstract Ming Dynasty is a key transitional period in China's maritime history. It marks the shift from outward expansion to passive defense, whereas underground marine trades were rampant and China had to face the rising Western powers. It deserves to examine Ming's maritime management by different perspectives including the coastal islands. This research focuses on Veritable Records of the Ming (明實錄) and explores key terms such as 'island'(島) and 'isle'(嶼) via the approach of 'Digital Humanities' to sum up the main issues of islands governing in early Ming Dynasty: 1. To subjugate political rivals on the sea and to defeat remnant Mongolian militaries. 2. To surrender rebels and appease refugees on the coastal islands. 3. To suppress and defend against Japanese pirates. 4. Diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. These issues reflected that Chinese dynastic regime transition from Yuan to Ming not only drastically altered the order of the East Asia seas after 14th c., but was also the key factor for the island governing policies in the early Ming period. This article investigates the issues of islands governing to discuss how the internal and external situation and the characteristic oceanic consciousness influenced the marine affair policy decision in early Ming Dynasty.

1. Dynamic clearing or group immunization? A tale of three cities and their COVID-19 responses -- 2. Divergence of anti-pandemic policies: origin and development -- 3. Differences and similarities in urban governance during the pandemic -- 4. Crisis management during the pandemic -- 5. Revitalization: new opportunities and challenges in the post-pandemic era -- 6. Future frontiers: a tale of three cities and the world -- 7. Conclusion.

Dieses Buch konzentriert sich auf die Beteiligung und Interaktion der drei Großmächte - China, Russland und die Vereinigten Staaten - in arktischen Angelegenheiten aus der Perspektive der internationalen Beziehungen. Der globale Klimawandel ist zu einem gemeinsamen Problem für die gesamte Menschheit geworden. Eines seiner Schlüsselelemente ist die Erwärmung der Arktis, die sich auf alle Dimensionen der Natur und der Menschheit weltweit auswirkt. Der Klimawandel in der Arktis wird direkte Auswirkungen auf natürliche Ökosysteme, Küstengebiete, Wälder, Wasserressourcen, landwirtschaftliche Produktion, Viehzucht, Tourismus und andere wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten in verschiedenen Ländern rund um den Globus haben. Für die nordostasiatische Region stellt die Öffnung der Arktispassage durch das schmelzende Meereis jedoch eine Chance dar. Das derzeitige internationale Rechtssystem für die Verwaltung der Arktis ist unzureichend, um die Herausforderungen der globalen Erwärmung zu bewältigen. Dieses Buch wird für Wissenschaftler von Interesse sein, die die künftige Entwicklung der Arktis und die Rolle Chinas als Neuankömmling in arktischen Angelegenheiten verfolgen.

Chapter 1. A Panorama of the Arctic: Geopolitics and International Law -- Chapter 2. The New Strategic Triangle in the Arctic: China, Russia, and the United States -- Chapter 3. Sino–Russian Cooperation on the Polar Silk Road: Vision, Divergence, and Challenges -- Chapter 4. Participation in and Strategic Arrangements for Arctic Affairs by the United States: Seeking Collective Security in a New Era -- Chapter 5. Who Will Win in the Climate Crisis? A Reinterpretation of the Interaction between Climate Change and Security Issues in the Arctic -- Chapter 6. Extra-regional Players in the Arctic: EU, China, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea -- Chapter 7. The Polar Silk Road and the Belt and Road Initiative: Integration and Optimization -- Chapter 8. Conclusion.

1. Unprecedented Times: The COVID-19 Pandemic That Swept the World -- 2. The Acceleration of the Global Power Transition: From West to East -- 3. Comparison between Authoritarian and Democratic Countries in the Pandemic era -- 4. Global International Organizations Under the COVID-19 Influence -- 5. Regional International Organizations Under the COVID-19 Influence.

This book presents cutting-edge research and exploration of the role of nation-state when big tech firms present themselves as new participants in contemporary international relations that act on an equal footing with nation-states. The general research goal of this book is to identify the justifications that nation-states have adopted to regulate the big tech firms and the impacts of this process on international trade in the main economies in the world. With the massive instrumentation of data, big tech firms have become actors with the capacity to intervene not only in economies but also, above all, in the politics of different countries with different systems. The emergence of big tech firms has transformed the approach to the concepts of national security, information management and access to new technologies among nation-states. The principles and fundamentals of cyber sovereignty have become one of the bases of states in the contemporary system of international relations. Today, the influence of big tech firms in different societies in the contemporary world is one of the main forms of power. This book tries to collect and present the recent state of the art in studies on the relationship between big tech firms and nation-states in the literature. It also addresses how governments such as those of the US, China and the EU are changing their legislation, creating control and data security mechanisms, imposing entry restrictions on foreign companies, and regulating the actions beyond the cloud of big tech firms inside and outside their borders.

This research discusses Hong Kong's long-run role as a preeminent international finance centre in the greater China with a view of Shanghai's rapid growth. Using a synthesis approach of politics and economics, rather than pure economic analysis and forecasting, it is argued Shanghai is not likely to overtake/replace Hong Kong as an international finance hub in the region. Hong Kong will still keep its position in many years to come even if Shanghai has made enormous efforts to rebuild its financial industry. Due to their diverging industry structure, sheer size of the country, and most importantly different positioning by the central and local governments, the two cities are not necessarily rivals, but can actually be complementary partners, serving two non-overlapping hinterlands. This research also asserts that Hong Kong's integration with the mainland economy is essential for its increasing competitiveness, while putting emphasis on policy reform for Hong Kong to maintain a strategic advantage over Shanghai. ; Com esta investigação, foi abordado o papel que Hong Kong tem desempenhado a longo prazo como centro financeiro internacional proeminente na Grande China e o impacto do rápido crescimento de Xangai em Hong Kong. A partir de uma abordagem abrangente da ciência política e econômica, ao invés de análises e projeções, é pouco provável que Xangai transcenda ou substitua Hong Kong como um centro financeiro internacional na região, de acordo com esta investigação. Apesar de Xangai ter feito grandes esforços para a revitalização do setor financeiro, Hong Kong manterá nos próximos anos seu status atual. Tendo em conta as diferenças das suas estruturas industriais e do posicionamento dos governos central e regional, essas duas cidades não vão necessariamente tornar-se rivais, podendo ser parceiras para se complementarem e servir as duas regiões distantes. De acordo com a investigação, a integração entre a economia de Hong Kong e a do interior da China é essencial para aumentar sua competitividade, ao passo que as reformas de políticas de Hong Kong também são propícias para manter sua vantagem estratégica em relação a Xangai.

Abstract This research discusses Hong Kong's long-run role as a preeminent international finance centre in the greater China with a view of Shanghai's rapid growth. Using a synthesis approach of politics and economics, rather than pure economic analysis and forecasting, it is argued Shanghai is not likely to overtake/replace Hong Kong as an international finance hub in the region. Hong Kong will still keep its position in many years to come even if Shanghai has made enormous efforts to rebuild its financial industry. Due to their diverging industry structure, sheer size of the country, and most importantly different positioning by the central and local governments, the two cities are not necessarily rivals, but can actually be complementary partners, serving two non-overlapping hinterlands. This research also asserts that Hong Kong's integration with the mainland economy is essential for its increasing competitiveness, while putting emphasis on policy reform for Hong Kong to maintain a strategic advantage over Shanghai.