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In the development of mass communications in China (as elsewhere), the newspaper is the oldest form, followed only this century by radio, and most recently, television. The earliest Chinese newspaper appeared in the TangDynasty, 1,200 years ago, and was published regularly by successive feudal dynasties. The earliest modern Chinese newspaper, however, was founded in the middle of the 19th century, published by Wang Tao, China's first political commentator.

The article deals with historical development and current structure of the Chinese television system, historical development of Chinese television news, television news theories and editorial guidelines, news production, television news reforms before 4th June 1989 and news theory and editorial guidelines since 4th June 1989. (DÜI-Sen)

Writing is recognized as a vital skill in education and the workplace; students in the United States finishing K-12 schooling are expected to be competent writers. Yet, the Nation's Report Card found that U.S. high school graduates coming into the workforce are particularly deficient in writing skills. Teachers serve as a crucial link in the move to improve literacy skills of K-12 students; however, teachers themselves are underprepared to be writers and writing teachers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve teachers' writing skills and skills of teaching writing to improve K-12 students' writing skills in the United States. This qualitative study examined the process-based writing project experienced by 22 practicing teachers through their reflective practices in a graduate capstone class. In particular, this study explored the challenges the teachers faced and the lessons they learned through the recursive phases of writing: planning, drafting, revising, editing, conferring, and publishing. The triangulation of the researchers' field notes, teachers' daily reflections, and informal interviews between the instructor and the teachers indicated that the challenges the teachers faced and the lesson they learned through the process-based writing project were phase specific. On the completion of the writing project, the participating teachers (a) developed a deep understanding of process-based writing; (b) learned new skills of planning, drafting, revising, editing, and sharing; and (c) were more confident as writers themselves and as writing teachers for their students.

Developing emergency drugs in time is key to responding to public health emergencies such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This research constructs patent assignee citation networks based on COVID-19 drug patents and applies technology life cycle analysis and social network analysis to examine these networks. The results reveal the evolution and structure of the emergency drug innovation network and identify innovation entities with different research and development (R&D) capabilities or a foundation for cooperation. This study attempts to provide the basis for theories and policies to accelerate R&D of emergency drugs. The key results are as follows: (1) Technologies of the emergency drug innovation network show fluctuating growth aligned closely with public health emergencies. (2) The network presents a sparse structure with many active factions, whose members have the advantage of cooperating. (3) Three types of innovation entities are identified: the main technology suppliers, potential suppliers of other supporting technologies, and peripheral suppliers of other supporting technologies.

Ecological compensation is an important means for controlling agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and compensation methods comprise an essential part of the compensation policy for mitigating this form of pollution. Farmers' choice of compensation methods affects their response to compensation policies as well as the effects of pollution control and ecological compensation efficiency. This study divides ecological compensation methods into two distinct philosophies—the "get a fish" method (GFM) and "get a fishing skill" method (GFSM)—based on policy objectives, to determine farmers' choice between the two methods and the factors influencing this choice. Furthermore, by analyzing survey data of 632 farmers in the Ankang and Hanzhong cities in China and using the multivariate probit model, the study determines farmers' preferred option among four specific compensation modes of GFM and GFSM. The three main results are as follows. (1) The probability of farmers choosing GFM is 82%, while that of choosing GFSM is 51%. Therefore, GFM should receive more attention in compensation policies relating to agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. (2) Of the four compensation modes, the study finds a substitution effect between farmers' choice of capital and technology compensations, capital and project compensations, material and project compensations, while there is a complementary relationship between the choice of material and technology compensations. Therefore, when constructing the compensation policy basket, attention should be given to achieving an organic combination of different compensation methods. (3) Highly educated, young, and male farmers with lower part-time employment, large cultivated land, and a high level of eco-friendly technology adoption and policy understanding are more likely to choose GFSM. Hence, the government should prioritize promoting GFSM for farmers with these characteristics, thereby creating a demonstration effect to encourage transition from GFM to GFSM.

Ionizing radiation is a major environmental variable for cells on Earth, and so organisms have adapted to either prevent or to repair damages caused by it, primarily from the appearance and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we measured the differential gene expression in Deinococcus radiodurans UWO298 cultures deprived of background ionizing radiation (IR) while growing 605 m underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), reducing the dose rate from 72.1 to 0.9 nGy h(-1) from control to treatment, respectively. This reduction in IR dose rate delayed the entry into the exponential phase of the IR-shielded cultures, resulting in a lower biomass accumulation for the duration of the experiment. The RNASeq-based transcriptome analysis showed the differential expression of 0.2 and 2.7% of the D. radiodurans genome after 24 and 34 h of growth in liquid culture, respectively. Gene expression regulation after 34 h was characterized by the downregulation of genes involved in folding newly synthesized and denatured/misfolded proteins, in the assimilation of nitrogen for amino acid synthesis and in the control of copper transport and homeostasis to prevent oxidative stress. We also observed the upregulation of genes coding for proteins with transport and cell wall assembly roles. These results show that D. radiodurans is sensitive to the absence of background levels of ionizing radiation and suggest that its transcriptional response is insufficient to maintain optimal growth. ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental ManagementUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-EM0002423] ; Published version ; These results are based upon work supported by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management under award number DE-EM0002423. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade names, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement. The views and the opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

High-quality development under environmental objective constraints represents a paradigm shift from perceiving environmental constraints as mere external pressures to embracing them as endogenous catalysts for progress. This shift, however, mandates considerable technological advancements, resource reallocations, and managerial overhauls, all requiring substantial capital investments. Chinese manufacturing SMEs, despite their efforts to adapt, often face challenges that hinder this transformation. To effectively facilitate this transition, it is crucial to pinpoint the barriers and craft tailored strategies to mitigate their inhibitory effects. Through a combination of theoretical deductions and on-the-ground research, this study not only identifies these barriers but also employs the ISM-MICMAC methodology to unpack their hierarchical and influential nature. Remarkably, the findings highlight that overcome technological and political barriers loom large, while the often-discussed economic and organizational barriers seem comparatively less formidable.