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Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide. The acute oral 24 h median lethal dose (LD50) value of chlorpyrifos in Apis mellifera and in Apis cerana was estimated to assess differential acute chlorpyrifos toxicity in the two bee species. The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos in A. mellifera and in A. cerana are 103.4 ng/bee and 81.8 ng/bee, respectively, which suggests A. cerana bees are slightly more sensitive than A. mellifera bees to the toxicity of chlorpyrifos. Doses half the acute LD50 of chlorpyrifos were selected to study behavioral changes in the two bee species using proboscis extension response assay. A. mellifera foragers treated with chlorpyrifos showed significantly lower response to the 10% sucrose solution compared to control bees after 2, 24 and 48 h. Chlorpyrifos significantly impaired the olfactory learning abilities and 2 h memory retention of forager bees regardless of honey bee species, which may affect the foraging success of bees exposed to chlorpyrifos.

Supplement for Childhood Height Growth Rate Association with the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Development of Type 1 Diabetes ; Type 1 Diabetes, Autoantibodies, Prospective-cohort, Child Growth Funding: This work was supported by funding from JDRF (IBM: 1-RSC-2017-368-I-X, 1-IND-2019-717-I-X), (DAISY: 1-SRA-2019-722-I-X, 1-RSC-2017-517-I-X, 5-ECR-2017-388-A-N), (DiPiS: 1-SRA-2019-720-I-X, 1-RSC-2017-526-I-X), (DIPP: 1-RSC-2018-555-I-X), (DEW-IT: 1-SRA-2019-719-I-X, 1-RSC-2017-516-I-X) as well as NIH (DAISY: DK032493, DK032083, DK104351; DiPiS: DK26190 and the CDC (DEW-IT: UR6/CCU017247). The DIPP study was funded by JDRF (grants 1-SRA-2016-342-M-R, 1-SRA-2019-732-M-B); European Union (grant BMH4-CT98-3314); Novo Nordisk Foundation; Academy of Finland (Decision No 292538 and Centre of Excellence in Molecular Systems Immunology and Physiology Research 2012-2017, Decision No. 250114); Special Research Funds for University Hospitals in Finland; Diabetes Research Foundation, Finland; and Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Finland. The BABYDIAB study was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the German Center for Diabetes Research. The DiPiS study was funded by Swedish Research Council (grant no. 14064), Swedish Childhood Diabetes Foundation, Swedish Diabetes Association, Nordisk Insulin Fund, SUS funds, Lion Club International, district 101-S, The royal Physiographic society, Skåne County Council Foundation for Research and Development as well as LUDC-IRC/EXODIAB funding from the Swedish foundation for strategic research (Dnr IRC15-0067) and Swedish research council (Dnr 2009-1039). Additional funding for DEW-IT was provided by the Hussman Foundation and by the Washington State Life Science Discovery Fund.