Suchergebnisse

Contributors: Hanna K. Lappalainen1,2, Veli-Matti Kerminen1, Tuukka Petäjä1, Theo Kurten3, Aleksander Baklanov4,5, Anatoly Shvidenko6, Jaana Bäck7, Timo Vihma2, Pavel Alekseychik1, Stephen Arnold8, Mikhail Arshinov9, Eija Asmi2, Boris Belan9, Leonid Bobylev10, Sergey Chalov11, Yafang Cheng12, Natalia Chubarova11, Gerrit de Leeuw1,2, Aijun Ding13, Sergey Dobrolyubov11, Sergei Dubtsov14, Egor Dyukarev15, Nikolai Elansky16, Kostas Eleftheriadis17, Igor Esau18, Nikolay Filatov19, Mikhail Flint20, Congbin Fu13, Olga Glezer21, Aleksander Gliko22, Martin Heimann23, Albert A. M. Holtslag24, Urmas Hõrrak25, Juha Janhunen26, Sirkku Juhola27, Leena Järvi1, Heikki Järvinen1, Anna Kanukhina28, Pavel Konstantinov11, Vladimir Kotlyakov29, Antti-Jussi Kieloaho1, Alexander S. Komarov30, Joni Kujansuu1, Ilmo Kukkonen31, Ella Kyrö1, Ari Laaksonen2, Tuomas Laurila2, Heikki Lihavainen2, Alexander Lisitzin32, Aleksander Mahura5, Alexander Makshtas33, Evgeny Mareev34, Stephany Mazon1, Dmitry Matishov35,†, Vladimir Melnikov36, Eugene Mikhailov37, Dmitri Moisseev1, Robert Nigmatulin33, Steffen M. Noe38, Anne Ojala7, Mari Pihlatie1, Olga Popovicheva39, Jukka Pumpanen40, Tatjana Regerand19, Irina Repina16, Aleksei Shcherbinin27, Vladimir Shevchenko33, Mikko Sipilä1, Andrey Skorokhod16, Dominick V. Spracklen8, Hang Su12, Dmitry A. Subetto19, Junying Sun41, Arkady Yu Terzhevik19, Yuri Timofeyev42, Yuliya Troitskaya34, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen42, Viacheslav I. Kharuk43, Nina Zaytseva22, Jiahua Zhang44, Yrjö Viisanen2, Timo Vesala1, Pertti Hari7, Hans Christen Hansson45, Gennady G. Matvienko9, Nikolai S. Kasimov11, Huadong Guo44, Valery Bondur46, Sergej Zilitinkevich1,2,11,34, and Markku Kulmala1 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development, 00101 Helsinki, Finland 3Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 4World Meteorological Organization, 1211 Genève, Switzerland 5Danish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development Department, 2100, Copenhagen 6International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 7Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 8Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 9Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634021, Russia 10Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, St. Petersburg, Russia 11Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow 119899, Russia 12Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany 13Institute for Climate and Global Change Research & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China 14Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia 15Institute of Monitoring of Climatic & Ecological Systems SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia 16A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 17National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Greece 18Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway 19Northern Water Problems Institute, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences,185003 Petrozavodsk, Russia 20P. P. Shirshov, Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia 21Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 22Depart ment of Earth Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia 23Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany 24Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, Nederland 25Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia 26University of Helsinki, Department of World Cultures, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 27Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 28Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196 Saint Petersburg, Russia 29Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 30Institute of Physico-chemical & Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Institutskaya, Russia 31University of Helsinki, Geophysics and Astronomy, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 32Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia 33Actic & Antarctic Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia 34Department of Radiophysics, Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 35Southern Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov on Don, Russia 36Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Russia 37Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia 38Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia 39Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Department Microelectronics, Russia 40University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 41Craduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China 42Aleksanteri Institute and Department of Social Research, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 43Sukachev Forest Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia 44Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China 45Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden 46AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring, 105064, Moscow, Russia †deceased, 20 August 2015 ; The Northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via the albedo change, carbon sources and sinks, as well as atmospheric aerosol production via biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that the global trade activities, demographic movement and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but is also able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX is setting a research approach where large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land–atmosphere–aquatic–society continuum in the Northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art of the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and give the future prospects of the research which we see relevant in this context. ; Peer reviewed

This investigation presents the variability of near-surface in-situ aerosol particle light scattering measurements obtained over the past decade at 28 measuring atmospheric observatories which are part of the ACTRIS Research Infrastructure and most of them belong to the GAW network. This manuscript provides a comprehensive picture of the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol particles optical properties in Europe. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and 11 innovation programme under grant agreement No 654109, ACTRIS (project No. 262254), ACTRIS12 PPP (project No 739530).MAD station is co-financed by the PROACLIM ( CGL2014-52877-R) project. SMR station acknowledges BACCHUS (project No. 603445), CRAICC (project No. 26060) and Academy of Finland (project No. 3073314). UGR station is co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project CGL2016-81092-R. Measurements at Montseny and Montsec stations were supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL2012-39623-C02/00), by the MAGRAMA (Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2014 SGR33 and the DGQA). Measurements at Izaña were supported by AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund. Station Košetice is supported by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within project for support of national research infrastructure ACTRIS – participation of the Czech Republic (ACTRIS-CZ – LM2015037). Measurements at Puy de Dôme were partly supported by CNRS-INSU, University Clermont- Auvergne, OPGC and the french CLAP program. PAL station acknowledges KONE Foundation, Academy of Finland (project No. 269095 and No. 296302). CHC station received support from Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) under both Jeune Equipe program attributed ...

Aerosol particles are a complex component of the atmospheric system which influence climate directly by interacting with solar radiation, and indirectly by contributing to cloud formation. The variety of their sources, as well as the multiple transformations they may undergo during their transport (including wet and dry deposition), result in significant spatial and temporal variability of their properties. Documenting this variability is essential to provide a proper representation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in climate models. Using measurements conducted in 2016 or 2017 at 62 ground-based stations around the world, this study provides the most up-to-date picture of the spatial distribution of particle number concentration (Ntot) and number size distribution (PNSD, from 39 sites). A sensitivity study was first performed to assess the impact of data availability on Ntot's annual and seasonal statistics, as well as on the analysis of its diel cycle. Thresholds of 50g% and 60g% were set at the seasonal and annual scale, respectively, for the study of the corresponding statistics, and a slightly higher coverage (75g%) was required to document the diel cycle. Although some observations are common to a majority of sites, the variety of environments characterizing these stations made it possible to highlight contrasting findings, which, among other factors, seem to be significantly related to the level of anthropogenic influence. The concentrations measured at polar sites are the lowest (g1/4g102gcm-3) and show a clear seasonality, which is also visible in the shape of the PNSD, while diel cycles are in general less evident, due notably to the absence of a regular day-night cycle in some seasons. In contrast, the concentrations characteristic of urban environments are the highest (g1/4g103-104gcm-3) and do not show pronounced seasonal variations, whereas diel cycles tend to be very regular over the year at these stations. The remaining sites, including mountain and non-urban continental and coastal stations, do not exhibit as obvious common behaviour as polar and urban sites and display, on average, intermediate Ntot (g1/4g102-103gcm-3). Particle concentrations measured at mountain sites, however, are generally lower compared to nearby lowland sites, and tend to exhibit somewhat more pronounced seasonal variations as a likely result of the strong impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) influence in connection with the topography of the sites. ABL dynamics also likely contribute to the diel cycle of Ntot observed at these stations. Based on available PNSD measurements, CCN-sized particles (considered here as either >50gnm or >100gnm) can represent from a few percent to almost all of Ntot, corresponding to seasonal medians on the order of g1/4g10 to 1000gcm-3, with seasonal patterns and a hierarchy of the site types broadly similar to those observed for Ntot. Overall, this work illustrates the importance of in situ measurements, in particular for the study of aerosol physical properties, and thus strongly supports the development of a broad global network of near surface observatories to increase and homogenize the spatial coverage of the measurements, and guarantee as well data availability and quality. The results of this study also provide a valuable, freely available and easy to use support for model comparison and validation, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improvement of the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions in models, and, therefore, of the evaluation of the impact of aerosol particles on climate. ; NOAA base funding supports the observatories BRW, BND, MLO, SMO, SPO and THD, where efforts of the dedicated observatory staff and of programmer Derek Hageman are appreciated. BRW observations are also supported in part by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility, a US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facility managed by the Biological and Environmental Research programme. Measurements at Welgegund are supported by North-West University, the University of Helsinki and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. This publication also forms part of the output of the Biogeochemistry Research Infrastructure Platform (BIOGRIP) of the Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa. Pallas and SMEAR II are grateful for the support of the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 272041), the Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic (project no. 269095), and the Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA, project no. 296302). Aerosol measurements at Anmyeon-do were supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" under grant KMA2018-00522. Measurements at Gosan were supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (2017R1D1A1B06032548) and the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant KMI2018-01111. The Lulin station is operated under the grants funded by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. WLG is supported by the China Meteorological Administration, where efforts of the dedicated observatory staff are appreciated. Sites PDM, PUY, GIF, CHC and RUN are partially operated with the support of CNRS-INSU under the long-term observation programme and the French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure. PDM and GIF received specific support from the French Ministry of the Environment. ATMO Occitanie is mentioned for sampling operations at PDM. Measurements at SIRTA are hosted by CNRS and by the alternative energies and atomic energy commission (CEA) with additional contributions from the French Ministry of the Environment through its funding to the reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA). PUY is grateful for support from ATMO Auvergne Rhône Alpes for sampling operations and the support from the personnel of the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC). The specific support of the Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD) in France and the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in Bolivia support operations at CHC operations. The Steamboat Ski Resort provided logistical support and in-kind donations for SPL. The Desert Research Institute is a permittee of the Medicine Bow–Routt National Forests and an equal opportunity service provider and employer. SPL appreciates the extensive assistance of the NOAA/ESRL Federated Aerosol Network, of Ian McCubbin, site manager of SPL, and of Ty Atkins, Joe Messina, Dan Gilchrist and Maria Garcia, who provided technical assistance with the maintenance and data quality control for the aerosol instruments. SGP measurements/mentorship were supported by DOE-7F-30118 and staff on site. The Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Monitoring Station is grateful to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for their long-term and continued support and all the staff from the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, who have contributed to the generation of records reported here. The aerosol measurements at the Jungfraujoch were conducted with financial support from MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme) and from the European Union as well as the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) for the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases (ACTRIS). The International Foundation High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) is mentioned for providing the research platform at the Jungfraujoch. The aerosol measurements at Kosetice received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109 and from the project for support of the national research infrastructure ACTRIS – participation of the Czech Republic (ACTRIS-CZ – LM2015037) supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I), grant agreement no. LO1415. The measurements were also supported by ERDF "ACTRIS-CZ RI" (no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315). Measurements at the Madrid site were funded by the following projects: CRISOL (CGL2017–85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE), TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government Y2018/EMT5177), AIRTEC-CM (Madrid Regional Government P2018/EMT4329), REDMAAS2020 (RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA) and Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPAÑA (CGL2017-90884-REDT). Measurements at Montsec and Montseny were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER funds under project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA). Aerosol measurements at El Arenosillo Observatory are supported by the National Institute for Aerospace Technology and by different R&D projects of the Ministerio Español de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO). Aerosol measurements at UGR are supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects no. CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT, RTI2018-097864-B-I00 and PGC2018-098770-B-I00 and by the Andalusia Regional Government through project no. P18-RT-3820. FKL, HAC and DEM are grateful for funding by project PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change (MIS 5021516), which is implemented under action Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure, funded by operational programme Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). CPC measurements at Sonnblick are supported by the Climate and Air Quality Commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the office of the provincial government Salzburg, Unit 5/02. At CMN, aerosol measurements were partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Research and Education. Measurements at Birkenes II are financed by the Norwegian Environment Agency. VAV is grateful for various Swedish FORMAS, Swedish Research Council (VR) grants and the Magnus Bergvall and Märta och Erik Holmberg foundations and the Swedish EPA for making the research possible at the VAV site. NMY wishes to thank the many technicians and scientists of the Neumayer overwintering crews, whose outstanding commitment enabled continuous, high-quality aerosol records over many years. Gunter Löschau is acknowledged for his contribution to the data acquisition at ANB, DTC and DRN. Financial support This research was supported by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (ACTRIS2 (grant agreement no. 654109)), the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa, the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 272041), the Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic (project no. 269095), the Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA, project no. 296302), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" (grant no. KMA2018-00522), the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant no. 2017R1D1A1B06032548), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (grant no. KMI2018-01111), the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, the China Meteorological Administration, the National Scientific Foundation of China (41675129, 41875147), the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2016YFC0203305 and 2018YFC0213204), the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2020KJ001), the Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of MOST and CMA, CNRS-INSU, the French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure, the French Ministry of the Environment, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I, grant no. LO1415), ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" (grant no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315), CRISOL (CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE), TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government Y2018/EMT-5177), AIRTEC-CM (Madrid Regional Government P2018/EMT4329), REDMAAS2020 (RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA), Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPAÑA (CGL2017-90884-REDT), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, FEDER funds (project HOUSE, grant no. CGL2016-78594-R), the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA), the National Institute for Aerospace Technology, the Ministerio Español de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects no. CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT, RTI2018-097864-B-I00 and PGC2018-098770-B-I00), the Andalusia Regional Government (project no. P18-RT-3820), the PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change (MIS 5021516), Research and Innovation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (grant no. NSRF 2014-2020), the Italian Ministry of Research and Education, the Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS, the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Magnus Bergvall foundation, the Märta och Erik Holmberg foundation, and the Swedish EPA. ; Peer reviewed