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Intro -- Contents -- Editor's Introduction -- Author Biography -- Ethnic/Immigrant Associations and Minorities'/Immigrants' Voluntary Participation -- Abstract -- Keywords -- A Introduction -- B Definitions -- C Historical Background -- D Key Issues -- 1 Migration and Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- a The Size and Scope of Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- b Formation and Development of Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- c Membership of Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- d Financial Well-being of Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- e The Roles of Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- f Types of Ethnic/Immigrant Associations -- 2 Ethnic Mutual Aid Organizations -- 3 Ethnic Cultural Organizations -- 4 Ethnic-oriented Religious Organizations -- 5 Hometown Associations and Diaspora Participation -- 6 Minorities' and Immigrants' Voluntary Participation -- 7 Informal vs. Formal Volunteering -- 8 Ethnic/Immigrant Youths' Voluntary Participation -- E Conclusion -- F Usable Knowledge -- G Recent Trends and Needed Research -- H Bibliography

Migration has changed the social, cultural, political, and economic landscape of many countries. Mutual aid organizations, ethic-oriented religious organizations, hometown associations, and various other types of ethnic and immigrant organizations emerged to respond to the particular needs of immigrant communities. For countries with a tradition of civic participation, integrating immigrants into civic life becomes an important issue. This article reviews the literature on ethnic/immigrant associations and minorities' or immigrants' voluntary participation in major developed countries that have experienced a significant increase of immigrants, particularly after the 1990s. In terms of ethnic/immigrant associations, the author reviews the historical background of research in this area, the size and scope, the formation and development, the memberships, and the financial well-being of these associations, the roles they play in helping immigrants acculturate into the host countries, and the classification of ethnic/immigrant associations. Particular attention is given to immigrants' mutual aid organizations, ethnic cultural organizations, ethnic-oriented religious organizations, and hometown associations. The author also reviews the literature that examines the factors influencing minorities' and immigrants' voluntary participation, their formal and informal volunteering, as well we immigrant youth's voluntary participation.

Taking note of the limitations of previously dominant political economy perspectives on China's urban transformation, and inspired by recent works calling for "beyond-growth" and "micro-level" studies of the Chinese state, as well as ethnographic approaches to the state, this paper aims to explore the often-untold everyday politics of decision-making processes in China's state-led urban development. Using an urban design project at Hexi New Town in Nanjing, China, as an empirical lens, the article makes three main contributions. Firstly, it reveals how the Chinese local state is constitutive of and lived through intense negotiations and contestations over urban visions, subjectivities, and rules of practices in everyday life. Secondly, building upon existing ethnographic approaches to the state, which focus primarily on state-society dynamics, this paper develops a framework to re-conceptualize the power topology within the Chinese local state as a field of relational modalities (ruling power relations (re)enacted in everyday practices) and relational embeddedness (situated positionalities and subjectivities of state actors). Thirdly, it further shows how the power modalities (the interplay of political-economy power vs technical-power, territorial power vs trans-territorial power) of the Chinese local state are constantly reworked, sometimes re-enacted, sometimes challenged, through both formal and tacit rules in the state's everyday life. As such, the article provides a new set of entry points to open the black-box of the Chinese local state and to explore the relational nature and an ethnographic perspective of the local state and urban politics in China and beyond.

This article examines the political connotations of Confucianism from the perspective of political philosophy. It explores the importance Confucianism places on the legitimacy of rule, the principles of governance and public morality, and compares its similarities and differences with Western political philosophy, an idea of Confucian political theory and its role in modern political and moral life is given.

The purpose of the article is to study the process of migration of peasants to thecities of modern China.As a result of the economic reform and the increase in the material well-being ofthe Chinese, the mobility of the country's population has increased significantly. By itsnature, migration in China is divided into permanent, seasonal and temporary (of twotypes — "pendulum" and "shuttle"). In terms of directions, migration in China is dividedinto migration from a village to a city, migration from a suburb to a city, and migrationfrom one city to another city. An example of "pendulum" and "shuttle" (up to three months)migration can be the movement of workers freed from the agricultural sector in searchof other forms and options for agricultural activity.

The correlation between evening type, body mass index (BMI), and obesity has attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, I surveyed a sample of adults drawn from the general population in the US to examine whether or not evening types have a higher BMI than do other chronotypes
and whether or not they are more likely than other chronotypes to become obese. I also proposed a personality-based explanation of the relationship between BMI, evening type, and obesity, with self-control as the mediator. As hypothesized, I found that evening types had a higher BMI and were
more likely to be obese than were either morning types or intermediate types. The finding that the positive relationship between eveningness and BMI can be completely mediated by self-control is most significant.

Analyzing vulnerability and adaptation to soil and water loss is an important part of the study on the human&ndash ; environment relationship in the Loess Plateau. It has also provided a new perspective for studying the farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of soil and water conservation technology in the soil erosion area of the Loess Plateau. Based on the Turner vulnerability framework, this paper constructs a household-scale index system of soil and water loss vulnerability in the Loess Plateau and evaluates the soil and water loss vulnerability in the Loess Plateau using the field survey data of the Loess Plateau applied entropy method. Finally, we use the binary logistic model to estimate the impact mechanism of farmers&rsquo ; soil erosion vulnerability on farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of soil and water conservation technology. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) In the total sample, susceptibility > ; exposure > ; adaptability, whereas in the Shaanxi and Gansu subsample, susceptibility > ; adaptability > ; exposure. The Ningxia subsample was similar to the total sample. For each index, Ningxia > ; Gansu > ; Shaanxi ; (2) The exposure and susceptibility of soil and water loss have a positive impact on farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of soil and water conservation technology, and natural capital has a positive impact on farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of soil and water conservation technology. Physical capital has a positive impact on farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of biological measures. Financial capital has a negative impact on farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of biological measures and farming measures. Social capital has a positive impact on farmers&rsquo ; adoption behavior of engineering measures and biological measures ; (3) Overall, the marginal effect of the adoption behavior of farmers&rsquo ; soil and water conservation techniques, adaptability > ; susceptibility > ; exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of soil and water loss, encourage the government and farmers to respond in time, and reduce the losses caused by soil erosion. Enriching the capital endowment of farmers, breaking through the endowment restriction of farmers&rsquo ; adoption of soil and water conservation technology.

AbstractUsing data from the 2016 China Family Panel Studies, this paper examines the relationship between government assistance, urban/rural residency, and charitable giving. The results indicate that urban/rural residency moderates the relationship between government assistance and charitable giving in China. Urban residents who do not receive government assistance are much more likely to donate to charity than their rural counterparts. While urban residents with government assistance also show a higher likelihood of giving than government assistance recipients in the rural area, the difference is much smaller than that between the urban and rural non‐recipients. More interestingly, the results show that although urban residents without government assistance donate more to charity, those who receive a high amount of government assistance on average donate less to charity than their rural counterparts.

This article examines whether religiosity moderates the influence of government assistance use on the charitable giving of Muslim and non-Muslim families in China. Using data from the 2016 China Family Panel Studies survey, the article finds that Muslims are as equally likely as non-Muslims to donate to charity, but that Muslim donors, on average, donate more than their counterparts. Additionally, Muslim donors and donors of other religions increase the amount of their giving when they receive more government assistance, while non-religious donors reduce their giving. Furthermore, as the level of government assistance increases, the donation amount grows at a much higher rate among Muslim donors than among donors of other religions. The theoretical contributions of the study and avenues for future research are discussed.