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Part 1. Introduction. Part 2. Social tourism around the world. Social tourism in Greece: A brief history of development -- Social tourism in Mexico: Evolution, challenges and future development -- Challenges and opportunities for development of social tourism -- Part 3. The tourism experience lived by different target groups of social tourism. Benefits of social tourism programmes for seniors: The case of the Foundation in Portugal -- Social tourism programmes for seniors: The case study of Slovenia -- Social tourism for seniors in Spain: An example to be followed? -- "We need a vacation": Social tourism initiatives for low income families with children with disabilities -- Disabled children as legitimate research participants: A topic omitted from tourism research? -- "The best holidays I ever had": The benefits of social tourism programmes for children at risk of poverty and social exclusion -- The financial accessibility of children's camps: A French challenge to renew their popularity -- Part 4. Practical challenges and policy implications. Social tourism for low income families: Challenges and practical implications in pursuing social innovation -- What, and who, is social tourism? The roles of the public, private and voluntary sector in social tourism provision in Flanders, Belgium -- Social tourism policies: Critical reflections -- Part 5. Conclusions: Social tourism global challenges and approaches in the future.

Social tourism has become popular in recent years due to the recognition of the significant socio-economic benefits to participants, destinations, businesses, governments and wider society (Diekmann et al. 2018; Eusébio et al. 2016; Kakoudakis & McCabe 2018; Lima & Moura 2017). Social tourism is an attempt to provide individuals who do not usually have access to tourism, the opportunity to participate in this widespread activity which contributes to quality of life (BITS 2009; Eusébio et al. 2017; Minnaert et al. 2009; Smith & Hughes 1999). This kind of offer makes sense in a context where social inequalities are visible within both developing and developed countries and concerns about poverty and social exclusion have increased. Various studies suggest several economic benefits of social tourism for destination areas, such as the return of revenues for governments, generation of employment and the economic growth of host communities, particularly those that suffer from seasonality (Cisneros-Martínez et al. 2018; Eusébio et al. 2013a, 2016; Kakoudakis & McCabe 2018; Lima & Moura 2017). However, the literature also highlights the lack of direct evidence linking social tourism programmes to these outcomes and a very limited number of studies have analysed the economic impacts of social tourism initiatives (e.g. Carneiro et al. 2013; Eusébio et al. 2013b, 2016). In order to extend the literature in this field, this chapter theoretically examines the potential role of social tourism in the economic development of local communities. To accomplish this objective, the chapter is organized in five sections. In the first section, the most important economic impacts of social tourism for local communities will be explained. Further, a brief description of the more frequent methodologies used to quantify the economic impacts of tourism on destinations will be presented. The third section makes clear the factors that influence the magnitude and nature of economic impact of social tourism on the local community. Finally, the chapter ends with some guidelines for maximizing the economic benefits of social tourism initiatives to tourism destinations.

Economic hardship accompanying large recessions can lead families to terminate unplanned pregnancies. To assess whether abortions have risen during the recession, we collected crude abortion data from 2000 to 2012 from Eurostat for countries that had legal abortions and complete data. Declining trends in abortion ratios between 2000 and 2009 have been reversing. Excess abortions between 2010 and 2012 totaled 10.6 abortions per 1000 pregnancies ending in abortion or birth or 6701 additional abortions (95% CI 1190-9240) with stronger effects in younger ages. Economic shocks may increase recourse to abortion. Further research should explore causal pathways and protective factors.

Background: Alcohol consumption is an increasingly important contributor to the global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Goals provides concrete targets for tackling the NCD burden, and Goal 10 highlights the importance of sound policies for reducing inequalites. Alcohol control policy, for one, has a critical role to play in mitigating the harmful effects of alcohol consumption, reducing inequalities in the distribution of alcohol-related harm and thus reducing the incidence and prevalence of NCDs. Regional and Local Contexts: While the WHO European Region is on track to meet the agreed global premature mortality goal, alcohol consumption is not decreasing at a sufficient pace to achieve the overall agreed targets in the global monitoring framework for the prevention and control of NCDs. Here, we use the evolution of alcohol control policy in Estonia in the past decade as a case study of successful policy formulation and implementation. We also highlight the European action plan to reduce the harmful use of alcohol 2012–2020 (EAPA) composite indicators for monitoring policy implementation. Ways forward: The Estonian case study shows that successful policy responses in the reduction of alcohol consumption are likely to be multipronged, covering a wide range of policy areas, to have gathered support across society, from policy-makers to researchers and including parents and advocates, and to anticipate and address pressures from vested interests. The EAPA composite indicators can help countries to map the policy tools at their disposal and to track their progress both across time and relative to other countries. Future iterations of these indicators will build on the current baseline and establish a comprehensive picture of alcohol control progress in the WHO European Region.

The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) describe the adverse health effects associated with for-profit actors and their actions. Despite efforts to advance the definition, conceptualization, and empirical analyses of CDoH, the term's practical application to mitigate these effects requires the capacity to measure the influences of specific components of CDoH and the cumulative impacts of CDoH on the health and well-being of specific populations. Building on the Global Burden of Disease Study, we begin by conceptualizing CDoH as risk factor exposures that span agency and structural influences. We identify 6 components of these influences and propose an initial set of indicators and datasets to rank exposures as high, medium, or low. These are combined into a commercial determinants of health index (CDoHi) and illustrated by 3 countries. Although now a proof of concept, comparative analysis of CDoH exposures by population, over time and space, and their associated health outcomes will become possible with further development of indicators and datasets. Expansion of the CDoHi and application to varied populations groups will enable finer targeting of interventions to reduce health harms. The measurement of improvements to health and wellness from such interventions will, in turn, inform overall efforts to address the CDoH.

The project was supported by grants from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC BB/N01720X/1 and BB/N016742/1) and by the Scottish Government (RESAS Division) as part of the 2016–2021 commission. The research is based on data from experiments funded by the Scottish Government as part of the 2011–2016 commission, Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) Beef & Lamb, Quality Meat Scotland (QMS), and Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (Defra). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF