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Abstract. The spatial and temporal distribution of sea-level rise has the potential to cause regional flooding in certain areas, and low-lying island countries are severely at risk. Tuvalu, an atoll country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, has been inundated by this regional flooding for decades. Tuvaluans call this regional flooding phenomenon King Tide, a term not clearly defined, blaming it for loss of life and property in announcing their intention to migrate. In this study, we clarified and interpreted King Tide, and analyzed the factors of King Tide in Tuvalu. Using tide gauge and topographical data, we estimated that 3.2 m could be considered the threshold of King Tide, which implied half of the island of Tuvalu was flooded with seawater. This threshold is consistent with the finding of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that King Tide events occur once or twice a year. We surveyed 28 King Tide events to analyze the factors of regional flooding. Tide gauge and satellite altimeter data from 1993 to 2012 were cross-validated and indicated that the King Tide phenomenon is significantly related to the warm-water effect. Warm water contributed to the King Tide phenomenon by an average of 5.1% and a maximum of 7.8%. The height of King Tide is affected by the combined factors of spring tide, storm surge, climate variability, and, significantly, by the warm-water effect.

"This book investigates various dimensions of the economic conflicts between the USA - and other democratic market-economy countries - and state-capitalist communist China in the past decade, examining how differences in institutions and ideology bring these about. Through the lens of institutional analysis, the book elaborates and explains the underlying institutional designs and reasons behind the disputes, highlighting how such variances reflect fundamental value divergences between China and other democratic countries are embedded. This book will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners in law, economics, political sciences, international relations International Organisations and global governance"--

This book investigates various dimensions of the economic conflicts between the US - and other democratic market-economy countries- and state-capitalist communist China in the past decade, examining how differences in institutions and ideology bring these about. Through the lens of institutional analysis, the book elaborates and explains the underlying institutional designs and reasons behind the disputes, highlighting how such variances are embedded andreflect fundamental value divergences between China and other democratic countries. This book will be of key interest to scholars, students, and practitioners in law, economics, political sciences, international relations, international organisations and global governance.

Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Authors' Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction: When the 'Socialist Market Economy' Meets the Globe -- The US-China Escalating Conflicts -- Will Economic Development Lead to Democracy? -- The Peculiar Role of Chinese Businesses in the World Economy -- The Intrinsically Unfair Economic Competition -- Are Political Institutions Malleable? -- The Unjust Advantages of Authoritarian Rulers in the 21st Century -- Is Smooth Competition Possible? -- Why Do We Focus On Economic Conflicts? -- Organisation of This Book -- Notes -- References -- 2 Made in China 2025: The Issue of Government Subsidies -- Background - Imposing a Future Tariff? -- The Big Picture - The US-China Trade War -- Three Structural Changes Since the Marrakesh Agreement -- First Change: Prevalence of Increasing Returns -- Why Do High-Tech Industries Have Increasing Returns? -- What About the US Human Genome Project? -- What About Germany's Industrie 4.0 Project? -- Can Democratic Governments Subsidise Particular Businesses? -- Few Exceptions in Democratic Countries -- The Crowding-Out Effect of the Made in China 2025 Project -- Flaws in the WTO's Government Subsidies Rules -- Summary and SCM Revision Directions -- Second Change: The Impact of Prevalent State-Owned Enterprises -- Chinese Economic Reforms - The Origin of the Prevalence of SOEs -- Regulation Deficiencies -- Rule References in Regional Agreements -- Suggestions for WTO Reforms -- Third Change: Challenge From the Internet -- The Digital Revolution and Unfair Trade -- Website-blocking and Other Business Interference -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 3 E-Commerce Mercantilism: The Issue of Internet Blocking -- Background - China's Internet Blocking and the Great Fire Wall.