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This paper investigates the feasibility of full/partial complementary alliances in composite goods markets with network structure. There are multiple producers who each provide a complementary component of the composite good. In another related market, one single firm (a monopolist) produces another composite good which could be a substitute or complement of the composite good. The analysis shows that even a full alliance cannot be profitable when the number of producers is small and the two goods are close substitutes or complements. Moreover, none of the profitable alliances is stable, except the full alliance with two component producers.

摘要本文從悲苦憂懼的角度重新詮釋韓愈的詩作與人生,以「老病之懼」、「飢寒之憂」、「喪生之畏」三項主題為核心,解析韓愈藉詩抒發對生命老化、漂泊與死亡的深深恐懼。本文是學界至今為止極少數探討韓愈文學此一面向的研究。關鍵詞:韓愈詩、諧謔、以文為詩、以文為戲 This paper is a study of the element of melancholy apprehension in Han Yu's poetry. Han's apprehension of melancholy, which up to now has received very little attention, is discussed in three aspects: (1) the fear of old age and sickness, (2) the fear of hunger and cold, and (3) the fear of death. Against the background of Han Yu's unstable and uncertain life and career, the new reading and analysis show that melancholy lies at the very heart of his personality and writing.

摘要本文從悲苦憂懼的角度重新詮釋韓愈的詩作與人生,以「老病之懼」、「飢寒之憂」、「喪生之畏」三項主題為核心,解析韓愈藉詩抒發對生命老化、漂泊與死亡的深深恐懼。本文是學界至今為止極少數探討韓愈文學此一面向的研究。關鍵詞:韓愈詩、諧謔、以文為詩、以文為戲 This paper is a study of the element of melancholy apprehension in Han Yu's poetry. Han's apprehension of melancholy, which up to now has received very little attention, is discussed in three aspects: (1) the fear of old age and sickness, (2) the fear of hunger and cold, and (3) the fear of death. Against the background of Han Yu's unstable and uncertain life and career, the new reading and analysis show that melancholy lies at the very heart of his personality and writing. ; Pričujoči članek odpira nova spoznanja na področju proučevanja poezije velikega literata dinastije Tang, Han Yuja. Literarni kritiki Han Yujevo poezijo pogosto označujejo kot »prozaično«, igrivo in razlagalno, pri čemer se osredotočajo predvsem na literarnotehnične in slogovne značilnosti njegovih pesmi. Vendar, kot poudarja avtor članka, kritiki premalo pozornosti posvečajo melanholičnemu pridihu, ki preveva Han Yujevo poezijo in ponuja vpogled v druge, skrite ravni njegovega pesniškega izražanja. Han Yu je bil namreč že od otroških let dalje nenehno izpostavljen človeškim tegobam, kot so bolezen in izguba bližnje osebe, ki so se jim kasneje pridružili še družbeni nemiri in negotovost, kar zadeva poklicno pot. Na prvi pogled daje vtis odgovornega konfucijanskega učenjaka, ki so ga težke življenjske izkušnje zgolj psihološko okrepile. Vendar pozorno branje njegovih pesmi razkriva, da na najgloblji ravni njegovo notranje razpoloženje odraža predvsem melanholijo, zaskrbljenost in strah. Avtor se posveti reinterpretaciji in analizi Han Yujeve poezije z avtobiografskega vidika ter poudari pomemben vpliv pesnikovih življenjskih izkušenj na njegovo literarno ustvarjanje. Hkrati poudari pomembno vlogo satiričnih elementov, prek katerih pesnik izraža svoje ogorčenje nad tedanjimi političnimi boji. Osrednja hipoteza članka je, da se za navidezno igrivostjo in duhovitostjo Han Yujevih pesmi skrivajo pesnikova resnična čustva in misli, njegovo notranje razpoloženje in občutki, kar odraža njegovo izjemno sposobnost prikrivanja oziroma skrivanja lastnih čustev za masko humorja. Članek obravnava Han Yujevo poezijo z vidika ogorčenja nad tedanjo družbeno-politično situacijo, tegob, grenkobe in razočaranja. Pri tem se avtor osredotoča predvsem na tri osrednje motive Han Yujeve poezije: (1) strah pred boleznijo in staranjem (2) strah pred lakoto in mrazom (3) strah pred smrtjo.

Abstract
This paper analyses the personnel records of a Taiwanese auto dealer employing three distinct internal labor markets (ILMs), adding new evidence that builds upon recent empirical and theoretical works on ILMs. We show that the public learning model proposed by Farber and Gibbons (1996) is not supported in general by our data because the behaviors of empirical wage residuals covariance matrix contradict the martingale predictions derived from the their model. However, "public learning" may not be unrealistic once individual specific learning speed is introduced. Furthermore, we find that the positive effects of levels, on both salary and bonus equations, are smaller under a fixed effects model than under an OLS (combined) model. However, part of the wage variations is contributed by individual heterogeneity rather than the hierarchy itself. Evidence also shows that education plays an important role in the determination of levels.