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Order #13 to Henderson YOAKUM by order of Col. LINDSAY, from Headquarters Western District of the Cherokee Nation, Wills Valley, dated July 2nd, 1838. 3pp.

Introduction to offenders, sex offenders, and abusers with intellectual disability -- Assessment of offence related issues -- Risk assessment -- Treatment of inappropriate sexual behaviour -- Theories of sexual offending and intellectual disability -- A theory for the sex offence process and a model for treatment in offenders with intellectual disabilities -- Introduction to the treatment programme -- Promoting motivation -- Induction, setting the rules, explaining the modules -- Offence disclosure and accounts -- Allocating offenders to pathways -- Cognitive distortions and attitudes -- Problem solving scenarios and exercises which challenge cognitive distortions -- Personal physical and sexual abuse -- The cycle of offending -- Victim awareness and empathy -- Use of pornography and dealing with sexual fantasy -- Attachments and relationships -- Lifestyle change and preventing relapse -- Evaluation of progress

It is good that Peter Sturmey is scrutinizing the basis of cognitive therapy for people with intellectual disabilities. This response argues that behavioural therapies have always employed cognitive techniques and produced cognitive change but have omitted to measure them. It is further argued that unobservable variables are germane to scientific advance. I agree that the science in cognitive therapy studies should be of a higher standard.

Background  Over the last 20 years, the interest in and amount of research relating to offenders with intellectual disability has increased.Methods  Using a series of databases and less formal library searches, 11 articles that review across aspects of offenders and offending were considered. Reviews that considered only single aspects of offending or single offender groups were not included in this paper.Results  The reviews highlight the following issues: epidemiology of offending and offenders; vulnerability; remedial and preventative intervention; and assessment of the offence. Issues of the importance of families and carers, female offenders, recidivism/outcome and research were also mentioned.

Regarding allowing his brother, Benjamin Lindsay, to attend the academy in Vermont; alludes to Partridge's departure from Jefferson College; discusses finances. ; Transcription by Joel Kindrick. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

Background Research on prediction of violent and sexual offending behaviour has developed considerably in the mainstream criminological literature. Apart from one publication [Quinsey (2004)Offenfers with Developmental Disabilities, pp. 131–142] this has not been extended to the field of intellectual disabilities.Methods Work on actuarial instruments, dynamic variables, clinical judgement and structured clinical judgement is reviewed.Results A number of studies comparing actuarial instruments in terms of their predictive validity are reviewed. Relative effectiveness and applicability to intellectual disability is considered. A framework for dynamic variables is outlined and the importance of dynamic variables for inclusion in risk prediction is established. Strengths and limitations of clinical judgement are reported and the importance of reliability is noted. Finally, structured clinical judgement is reviewed in terms of the way in which it combines the other three groups of variables.Conclusions The information regarding different methods of risk assessment is integrated with research and opinion contained in the Special Issue. Risk prediction will always be a judgement and as such there will always be errors in judgement. As clinicians, researchers and policy makers it is our duty to employ the latest research information to make predictions that are as accurate as possible. However, we must also help to promote a culture that can be tolerant of inevitable errors.

The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities is a comprehensive compendium to the research and evidence supporting clinical work with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities who offend or are at risk of offending. With contributions from an international panel of experts, the text reviews the most recent developments in the assessment, treatment and management of various types of offenders with intellectual disabilities including violent offenders, sexual offenders and firesetters. The text also explores the developments in research on risk assessment and management of people with intellectual disabilities who offend or are at risk of offending.

Covers -- Guest editorial -- The validity of two diagnostic systems for personality disorder in people with intellectual disabilities: a short report -- Social-moral awareness and theory of mind in adult offenders who have intellectual disabilities -- Teaching early reading skills to adult offenders with intellectual disability using computer-delivered instruction -- Sixteen years of the Brooklands Thinking Skills Offender Programme

Background  There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). Although a large amount of work has been completed in mainstream clinical fields on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory– 2nd Edition (BDI‐II), to date there has been little work completed on people with ID.Design  This paper presents several analyses that provide information on the psychometric properties of the BAI and the BDI‐II. Data on subsamples of the total cohort are also presented.Method  Both assessments were appropriately revised for use with persons with ID and individually administered. A sample of 108 participants from inpatient and community settings completed the assessments. In supplementary analyses, several subsamples of anxiety referrals, depression referrals, sex offenders, other types of offenders, men and women are also presented.Results  The joint factor analyses of the BAI and BDI‐II revealed a two factor solution corresponding closely to a depression and anxiety factor. Results from further factor analyses independently demonstrated that the BAI had three factors corresponding to cognitive–subjective anxiety, somatic temperature and somatic balance symptoms. The BDI‐II exhibited a three factor structure: cognitive self, cognitive‐affective/loss of functioning and somatic symptoms. In the supplementary analyses anxiety referrals had significantly higher scores on the BAI, depression referrals higher scores on the BDI, sex offenders are significantly lower scores on both the BAI and BDI than other groups.Conclusion  The factor structure of the BAI and BDI conforms specifically to those found in research with the general population. Result suggests that both assessments can be used reliably with individuals who have ID.

The aims of this study were to employ modified versions of the 21-item Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories with a group of 16 sex offenders with mild intellectual disability and borderline intelligence and 16 control participants with similar levels of intellectual disability. Test-retest correlations found high reliability for both assessments across all participants. There was a significant difference between the scores of the 2 groups with the sex offenders reporting significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression than the control participants. The results are discussed by presenting hypotheses on the emotional stability in each group.