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Transatlantic economic relations will provide the glue that holds the partnership of America and Europe together even as conflicting interests in other areas may push them apart.

After decades of neglect, volatile food prices and the persistence of hunger and malnutrition have brought agriculture and nutrition to the forefront of the international development agenda. As governments, donors, and other key actors deepen their commitments, they are also increasing their focus on how successful development interventions can be "scaled up," meaning how they can be expanded, replicated, and adapted to new and different contexts, for greater and sustained impact. In late 2011, IFPRI's 2020 Vision Initiative approached Johannes Linn to develop a set of policy briefs that would contribute to a better understanding of scaling up in agriculture, rural development, and nutrition. The authors and other experts met at a workshop in Washington, DC, in January 2012, to discuss their draft briefs. The resulting series brings together a variety of experiences from around the world, delineates different pathways for scaling up, identifies both the key drivers that push the scaling-up process forward and the key spaces that enable initiatives to be scaled up, and outlines the lessons learned. These briefs were written by a wide range of actors, from local communities and nongovernmental organizations to private businesses and donors. They provide an invaluable perspective on the challenges and opportunities for successful scaling up. ; Introduction Shenggen Fan and Rajul Pandya-Lorch; 1. Overview: Pathways, Drivers, and Spaces Johannes F. Linn; 2. Investing in Agriculture to Reduce Poverty and Hunger Kevin Cleaver; 3. Moving Local- and Community-Driven Development from Boutique to Large Scale Hans P. Binswanger- Mkhize and Jacomina P. de Regt; 4. Empowering Local Communities in the Highlands of Peru Barbara Massler; 5. Rehabilitating China's Loess Plateau John Mackedon; 6. Building on Successes with Regreening in the West African Sahel Chris Reij; 7. Scaling Up Agricultural Value Chains for Pro-Poor Development Arntraud Hartmann; 8. Scaling Up Agricultural Supply Chains in the Private Sector Beth Sauerhaft and Ian Hope-Johnstone; 9. SUN: A Global Movement to Accelerate Reduction of Maternal and Child Undernutrition David Nabarro, Purnima Menon, Marie Ruel, and Sivan Yosef; 10. Alive & Thrive: Expanding Community Interventions to Improve Nutrition in Bangladesh Raisul Haque, Kaosar Afsana, Tina Sanghvi, Saiqa Siraj, and Purnima Menon; 11. Delivering Nutrients Widely through Biofortification: Building on Orange Sweet Potato Howdy Bouis and Yassir Islam; 12. Addressing Institutional Challenges to Large-scale Implementation Richard Kohl; 13. Aga Khan Development Network: Expanding Rural Support Programs in South Asia Henri Suter, Leanne Sedowski, and Joanne Trotter; 14. SEWA: Supporting Village-Level Organizations to Improve Rural Livelihoods Raj M. Desai and Shareen Joshi; 15. Oxfam America: Learning from the System of Rice Intensification in Northern Vietnam Gina E. Castillo, Minh Nguyet Le, and Kimberly Pfeifer; 16. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Catalyzing Agricultural Innovation Prabhu Pingali; 17. IFAD: Adopting a New Systematic Approach to Scaling Up Agricultural and Rural Development Cheikh M. Sourang; 18. Learning from the Experience of Vertical Funds Keith Bezanson, Paul Isenman, and Alex Shakow; 19. Going to Scale in Fragile States: Can it Work? Should We Try? Laurence Chandy; 20. Lessons on Scaling-up: Opportunities and Challenges for the Future Johannes F. Linn ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; 2020 ; DGO; PHND

Metropolitan cities are engines of growth and modernization in developing countries. The challenge is in governing these rapidly growing urban agglomerations and financing the operating costs required to meet the needs of the people and businesses. This report explores metropolitan governance and management approaches and assesses various financing tools, including taxes and user charges. It also explores external financing, such as transfers from higher-level government, borrowing, private-public partnerships, and international assistance.