Suchergebnisse

Jane Jacobs coined the phrase 'eyes on the street' to depict those who maintain order in cities. Most criminologists assume these eyes belong to residents. In this Element we show that most of the eyes she described belonged to shopkeepers and property owners. They, along with governments, wield immense power through property ownership and regulation. From her work, we propose a Neo-Jacobian perspective to reframe how crime is connected to neighborhood function through deliberate decision-making at places. It advances three major turning points for criminology. This includes turns from: 1. residents to place managers as the primary source of informal social control; 2. ecological processes to outsiders' deliberate actions that create crime opportunities; and 3. a top-down macro- to bottom-up micro-spatial explanation of crime patterns. This perspective demonstrates the need for criminology to integrate further into economics, political science, urban planning, and history to improve crime control policies.

Intro -- About This Book -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Places and Crime -- Social Control Hidden in Plain Sight -- Place, Place Managers, and Place Management -- The Concentration of Crime at Places -- The Argument That Follows -- References -- Chapter 2: Why Some Places Are Bad -- Explanation 0: It's Random -- Explanation 1: Reporting Bias -- Explanation 2: Size Matters -- Explanation 3: Repeat Victimization -- Explanation 4: Hot Products -- Explanation 5: Offender Concentration -- Explanation 6: Repeat Offenders -- Explanation 7: Inadequate Guardianship -- Explanation 8: Poor Handling -- Explanation 9: Low Informal Social Control -- Explanation 10: Bad Physical Design -- Too Many Explanations -- Appendix: Three Explanations for Proximal Place Crime Concentration -- References -- Chapter 3: Place Management -- Place Managers -- The Four Functions of Place Management -- Organization of Space -- Regulation of Conduct -- Control of Access -- Acquisition of Resources -- Place Management as a Keystone Explanation -- Organization of Space -- Regulation of Conduct -- Control of Access -- Acquisition of Resources -- Crime Prevention Within Places -- Situational Crime Prevention -- Evidence Situational Prevention Works at Places -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Sources of Powers -- Being Explicit About Sources of Control Powers -- Defining Forms of Control -- What Is Community Informal Social Control? -- X: Actors -- A: Actions -- T: Targets -- G: Goals -- P: Powers -- The Source of Power of Place Managers -- Property Rights -- Rights That May Be Included in a Bundle of Rights -- Authority, Power, and Social Control -- References -- Chapter 5: Place Manager Failures and Successes -- Why Some Fail But Most Do Not -- Controls on Place Managers -- Failures -- Conclusions -- References.

AbstractDespite decades of research into social disorganization theory, criminologists have made little progress developing community programs that reduce crime. The lack of progress is due in part to faulty assumptions in the theory: that neighborhoods are important; that residents are the primary source of control; and that informal social controls are emergent. In this paper we propose an alternative: the neighborhoods out of places explanation (NOPE). NOPE starts with property parcels (i.e., proprietary places), rather than neighborhoods. It focuses on the power and legal authority of people and institutions that own property, rather than on residents. It posits that control is intentional and goal driven, rather than emergent. We refer to those who own and control as creators. This small group of elites shape city areas and residents must adapt to the environments that suppress or facilitate crime. We discuss how shifting our focus to creators provides important new implications for theory, research, and policy in criminology.