"While a plethora of studies have discussed why so many men decided to volunteer for the army during the Great War, the experiences of those who were called up under conscription have received relatively little scrutiny. Even when the implementation of the respective Military Service Acts has been investigated, scholars have usually focused on only the distinct minority of those eligible who expressed conscientious objections. It is rare to see equal significance placed on the fact that substantial numbers of men appealed, or were appealed for, on the grounds that their domestic, business, or occupational circumstances meant they should not be expected to serve. David Littlewood analyses the processes undergone by these men, and the workings of the bodies charged with assessing their cases, through a sustained transnational comparison of the British and New Zealand contexts."--Provided by publisher.
The Military Service Acts that introduced conscription in New Zealand and Britain in 1916 permitted appeals for exemption to a Military Service Board or Military Service Tribunal. This paper questions the inference that around half of all balloted New Zealanders appealed and argues that British men were considerably more likely to appeal. It is unlikely that this was due to satisfaction with the exemption process, a belief that appealing was not worthwhile, rates of conscription, or the pecuniary difficulties of enlistment. More credible explanations are that the British system protected many occupations and that appealing carried less of a stigma there. Although overt reluctance to serve was rare in both countries, the impact of covert reluctance cannot be quantified.
Purpose This paper aims to contribute to better understanding of where and how network concepts, theories and perspectives, organisational networks, and networking practices, are being studied and deployed in social enterprise research. This is done through a systematic review of social enterprise and networks literature in business and management journals. Key trends and developments in this literature, and gaps and limitations, are identified, culminating in discussion of what next for social enterprise and networks research. The papers in this special issue on "Social Enterprise and Networks" are introduced.
Design/methodology/approach A systematic review was undertaken of social enterprise and networks literature in business and management journals. Journals sampled included all those in the Entrepreneurship and Small Business subject area of the Association of Business Schools (ABS) Academic Journal Guide 2018, the journals in the Financial Times 50 research ranking, and selected wider business and society, non-profit management and public administration journals.
Findings Analysis of publishing patterns of social enterprise and networks research finds that such research is growing, and that varied network perspectives, concepts and theories are being deployed. Social enterprise and networks are also being studied globally, using different methodologies. Nevertheless, there remains scope for deeper theoretical engagement, and for a wider range of network theories to be used. More even geographic coverage is also needed, and further insights can be gained through use of alternative methodologies.
Research limitations/implications Discussions in this paper have implications for research through outlining systematically the state of current scholarship on social enterprise and networks. In so doing, insight is provided on what is known about social enterprise and networks. But also on what is not known and where further enquiry is needed. Direction is thus provided for future social enterprise and networks scholarship.
Practical implications In this paper, how, and the extent to which, social enterprise and networks scholarship offers implications for practice and policy is considered.
Originality/value This paper makes a valuable contribution to social enterprise scholarship. It outlines the state of current knowledge and research on social enterprise and networks, identifying where and how relationships between social enterprise and networks have been studied, whilst also providing insights for what next in future social enterprise and networks research.
AbstractThis paper examines resilience in development‐oriented social enterprises in sub‐Saharan Africa drawing upon in‐depth case study research. It explores the nature of the strategic challenges faced by social enterprises in sub‐Saharan African contexts and which necessitate organisational resilience. Key resources and capabilities possessed by resilient social enterprises are identified. Finally, strategies adopted by resilient social enterprises are explored. This research not only contributes to literature on resilience in social enterprises but also works on wider organisational resilience, particularly in complex and unpredictable environments. Furthermore, it contributes to hitherto limited work on social enterprises in sub‐Saharan Africa. Finally, this paper has implications for practicing managers in social enterprises who are looking to build organisational resilience.
Introduction -- Africapitalism : a management idea for business in Africa? -- Business elites to the rescue! Reframing capitalism and constructing an expert identity : implications for Africapitalism -- Africapitalism and corporate governance -- Rethinking human capital development in Africa : towards an Africapitalism perspective -- Africapitalism and corporate branding -- Who is an Africapitalist? reimagining private sector leadership in Africa -- Social entrepreneurship and Africapitalism - exploring the connections -- Foreign investors and Africapitalism : the case for Chinese foreign direct investment in Africa -- Good African coffee : adding value and driving community development in Uganda -- Reflections on Africapitalism and management education in Africa
