Suchergebnisse

The emergence, application and popularization of network discourse bring great challenges to the traditional model of ideological and political education. Network discourse bears the characteristics of material reality, content dominance and discursively by nature. These characteristics cause the changes of the college students' ideological and political education model, from the subjectivity education model of intersubjectivity education model, from the uniform education content to diverse educational content. The model evolves from a closed and static situation to an open and dynamic education environment. Therefore, the contemporary scholars in the field of college students' ideological and political education should constantly explore new models of the university students' ideological and political education, appealing to the demand of the transformations in education conception, the openness of education approaches. They should apply the intersubjectivity education model and enrich the educational content. They should also attach importance to the diversity education model and construct an appealing educational atmosphere. Dynamic education is the direction so the new development and demand of the ideological and political education can adapt to requirements in the network + era.

PurposeThis study aims to reveal the potential dark side of servant leadership by exploring its differential impact on followers with varying degrees of Machiavellianism and to uncover the role of leader negative feedback as an intervention mechanism in attenuating this negative impact.Design/methodology/approachA three-wave survey with one-month intervals was conducted with 344 participants from different industries.FindingsThe results suggest that servant leadership triggered psychological entitlement among followers with high Machiavellianism, leading to organizational and interpersonal deviance, but only when negative feedback from the leader was weak.Practical implicationsWhen leaders implement servant leadership, they should beware of breeding psychological entitlement among highly Machiavellian followers, as this can activate their deviant behavior, and should make full use of negative feedback as an intervention mechanism.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to use the self-evaluation perspective to examine the negative impact of servant leadership on follower behavior via attitude and to explore boundary conditions to overcome this effect.

AbstractWe examine how work hours reported in the Current Population Survey vary with snowfall in 265 metropolitan areas during 2004–2014. The effects of snowfall on work vary across types of workers, occupation, industry, and region. Regions adapt to inclement weather. Losses in work hours from snow events are particularly large in Southern states and among construction workers. An average daily inch of snowfall during a week reduces work by an hour. Few of the hours lost are "made‐up" in subsequent weeks. A "back‐of‐an‐envelope" calculation suggests that in average years, snow reduces annual hours worked by 0.15%.

To advance understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and the informal sector, the aim of this paper is to evaluate and explain variations in the extent to which formal enterprises witness competition from unregistered or informal enterprises across Latin American and Caribbean countries. Reporting World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data on 31 Latin American and Caribbean countries, this reveals that two-thirds (65.5 percent) of formal enterprises witness competition from informal sector enterprise. To explain the cross-country variations, four competing theories are evaluated, which variously view the prevalence of the informal sector to be determined by either: economic under-development (modernization theory); high taxes and state over-interference (neo-liberal theory); too little state intervention (political economy theory), or an asymmetry between the laws and regulations of formal institutions and the unwritten socially shared rules of informal institutions (institutional theory). A probit regression analysis confirms the modernization, political economy and institutional theories, but not the neo-liberal theory. Beyond economic under-development, therefore, it is too little state intervention and whether the laws and regulations developed by governments are in symmetry with the norms, values and beliefs of entrepreneurs. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.

The number of surface water pollution accidents (abbreviated as SWPAs) has increased substantially in China in recent years. Estimation of economic losses due to SWPAs has been one of the focuses in China and is mentioned many times in the Environmental Protection Law of China promulgated in 2014. From the perspective of water bodies' functions, pollution accident damages can be divided into eight types: damage to human health, water supply suspension, fishery, recreational functions, biological diversity, environmental property loss, the accident's origin and other indirect losses. In the valuation of damage to people's life, the procedure for compensation of traffic accidents in China was used. The functional replacement cost method was used in economic estimation of the losses due to water supply suspension and loss of water's recreational functions. Damage to biological diversity was estimated by recovery cost analysis and damage to environmental property losses were calculated using pollutant removal costs. As a case study, using the proposed calculation procedure the economic losses caused by the major Songhuajiang River pollution accident that happened in China in 2005 have been estimated at 2263 billion CNY. The estimated economic losses for real accidents can sometimes be influenced by social and political factors, such as data authenticity and accuracy. Besides, one or more aspects in the method might be overestimated, underrated or even ignored. The proposed procedure may be used by decision makers for the economic estimation of losses in SWPAs. Estimates of the economic losses of pollution accidents could help quantify potential costs associated with increased risk sources along lakes/rivers but more importantly, highlight the value of clean water to society as a whole.