Suchergebnisse

Introduction: Migrant entrepreneurship and urban development in Global Cities -- Part I: Changing Spaces and Place-making of Immigrant Entrepreneurship -- Changing Spaces? Migrant Entrepreneurship, the Informal Sector and the City of Johannesburg -- "Shanghai on the Flushing River": Prospects for Immigrant-owned Small Businesses in Queens, New York -- The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurship on City Building: Learning from Toronto -- A New Immigrant Suburb of Atlanta: Norcross, Georgia -- Part II: Contexts of Reception, Trends and Patterns of Immigrant Entrepreneurship -- Contexts of Reception and Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Barcelona, Paris, New York, Washington, D.C., and El Paso -- Business Connections of Migrant Entrepreneurs: Finding a Niche in the Diverse City of Amsterdam -- Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Sydney: Australia's Leading Global City -- Part III: Global Networks and Local Connections of Immigrant Entrepreneurship -- Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Businesses in Hong Kong -- Grassroots Globalization: New Immigrant Communities in Asia (Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam) and Africa -- Strangers in Emerging Global Cities: African and Chinese Merchants in Guangzhou and Yiwu, China -- Part IV: Policies towards Immigrant Entrepreneurship -- Revitalizing Urban America through the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program -- Policies towards Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Perspective.

Latino immigrants continue to enter low-skilled urban labor markets across metropolitan areas in the United States. This study provides a dynamic account of the employment competition between Latino immigrant and black workers in the context of an emerging immigrant gateway: the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area. This study identifies occupational niches that Latino immigrants and black workers heavily concentrate for years 1990, 2000, and 2008. Occupational-level composition and wage models are also estimated to test for the impact Latino immigration might have on black workers. Both black workers and Latino immigrant workers became increasingly concentrated in a few occupations between 1990 and 2008. While Latino immigrants have entered several historically black occupational niches, no downward pressure on the wage growth of blacks in the same occupation is observed. As immigrants become increasingly clustered in manual-intensive craftsmen, operative, and farm occupations, blacks gravitate toward the better-paid and language-intensive sales, clerical, and service occupations, forming a segmented low-skill labor market. The reinforcement of their respective niches also tends to create closure to the other groups and intensify within-group competition. Adapted from the source document.

ObjectivesLatino immigrants continue to enter low‐skilled urban labor markets across metropolitan areas in the United States. This study provides a dynamic account of the employment competition between Latino immigrant and black workers in the context of an emerging immigrant gateway: the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area.MethodsThis study identifies occupational niches that Latino immigrants and black workers heavily concentrate for years 1990, 2000, and 2008. Occupational‐level composition and wage models are also estimated to test for the impact Latino immigration might have on black workers.ResultsBoth black workers and Latino immigrant workers became increasingly concentrated in a few occupations between 1990 and 2008. While Latino immigrants have entered several historically black occupational niches, no downward pressure on the wage growth of blacks in the same occupation is observed.ConclusionsAs immigrants become increasingly clustered in manual‐intensive craftsmen, operative, and farm occupations, blacks gravitate toward the better‐paid and language‐intensive sales, clerical, and service occupations, forming a segmented low‐skill labor market. The reinforcement of their respective niches also tends to create closure to the other groups and intensify within‐group competition.

This study examines the causes and dynamics in the creation of business ventures by minority nascent entrepreneurs. Minority business enterprises are an important source of job creation and innovation in the US economy, as well as economic development engines in their respective communities. However, little is understood about the unique motivations, business strategies and plans in the early stage of their venture formation. This paper utilizes the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) dataset in investigating black and Hispanic entrepreneurial entry as compared to white nascent entrepreneurs around three important dimensions: motivation, business strategy, and community resources. It is found that blacks are highly driven by a range of motivational factors while Hispanics value intergenerational inheritance and role models in business ownership. Both groups heavily focus on a niche market strategy by lowering prices, serving markets missed by others and locating close to customers. Contrary to expectation, their perceptions of community resources are not more favorable than whites. Public policy implications are discussed.

AbstractThis article gauges the applicability of five urban paradigms derived from the urban experience of the Western world, especially from that of Los Angeles, to the urban realities of an East Asian city: Shanghai, China. The five metaphors — world city, cyber city, dual city, hybrid city and sustainable city — are each examined against Shanghai's urban context. The findings are that for Shanghai, and probably other East Asian cities, world city can be modified to mega city or globalizing city to denote a process of becoming; cyber city is more applicable to the physical networks connecting people, goods and information, although a ubiquitous virtual space is also emerging; a dual city and social segmentation exist on three scales: intra‐urban, local–global, and local–national; the hybrid city and sustainable city have been less of a concern in the past, but are gaining importance. Finally, given the significant role governments play in these cities, the notion of the developmentalist state is introduced. This broadened urban framework explicitly takes into account urban experiences in the East Asian context, and further extends the scope of comparative urban theorization and analysis, both spatially and temporally beyond the Western world.RésuméCet article évalue dans quelle mesure cinq paradigmes urbains nés de l'expérience de la ville dans le monde occidental, notamment celle de Los Angeles, sont applicables aux réalités urbaines d'une ville d'Asie orientale, à savoir Shanghai. Tour à tour, les cinq métaphores — ville mondiale, ville cybernétique, ville duale, ville hybride et ville durable — sont analysées en fonction du contexte urbain de Shanghai. D'après les résultats, dans le cas de Shanghai et sans doute d'autres villes est‐asiatiques, la ville mondiale peut être remplacée par la mégacité, ou la ville en voie de mondialisation pour marquer un processus en marche; la ville cybernétique s'applique mieux aux réseaux matériels qui relient individus, biens et informations, même si un espace virtuel généralisé est aussi en train de naître; la ville duale et la segmentation sociale existent dans trois dimensions: intra‐urbaine, locale‐mondiale et locale‐nationale; la ville hybride et la ville durable suscitaient peu d'intérêt dans le passé, mais elles gagnent de l'importance. Pour finir, les gouvernements jouant un rôle considérable dans ces villes, la notion d'État développementaliste est présentée. Ce cadre de référence urbain élargi prend explicitement en compte les expériences urbaines dans le contexte est‐asiatique, et repousse au‐delà du monde occidental les limites de la théorisation et de l'analyse urbaines comparatives, à la fois aux plans spatial et temporel.

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of living in ethnic enclaves in different parts of a metropolitan area on low‐skilled Latino immigrants' employment accessibility. It does so by comparing the employment status and commuting times of Latinos living in and out of ethnic neighborhoods in central city, inner‐ring suburbs, and outer‐ring suburbs in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C. Using the 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), this paper finds that central‐city residents tend to have both lower employment probability and longer commutes. The enclave effect is much muted and a spatial mismatch effect evident in these areas. But in the suburban areas, while as likely to work as non‐enclave counterparts, enclave residents tend to commute longer to jobs, suggesting the importance of ethnic networks in these enclave neighborhoods. Further distinguishing Latino immigrants by gender shows that women are more enclave‐disadvantaged than men. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

This paper examines food access disparity in relation to neighborhood diversity, especially race/ethnicity and poverty in a changing intrametropolitan spatial structure, using the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as a case study. With detailed grocery store data, this study finds a substantive change in food access between 2003 and 2015 in terms of both the number of grocery stores and the gravity–based accessibility indicator, although such access varies by neighborhood characteristics and spatial location in terms of central city, inner–ring suburbs, and outer–ring suburbs. While access to grocery stores for minority–concentrated neighborhoods in outer–ring suburbs is comparable to other neighborhoods, neighborhoods with a high share of African American residents in inner–ring suburbs and those with a high share of Latino residents in the central city have significantly lower access to food outlets. Neighborhoods with higher poverty rate tend to have more food outlets across the region except for in inner–ring suburbs.