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REFORM HAS BECOME THE THEME OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE DURING THE LAST DECADE AND OUTLINES THE FRAMEWORK OF ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN CHINA. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CHINESE ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM THROUGH A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION OF THE MAIN RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE.

Aims: To achieve the goals of "ageing in place" and the universal accessibility of long-term care (LTC), the "Project of Implementing LTC System in Remote Area" has been in operation since 2009 in Taiwan. The government contracts out the program and sets up LTC service stations in remote area to deliver LTC services. By using PZB model (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, Berry, 1988), the study aimed to examine the service gap from the customers' perspectives in order to synergize local resources and deliver appropriate services.

This paper proposes a risk assessment framework as a research road-map, with the aim of developing a protocol that integrates the risk management requirements from the perspectives of the business and the government. We take the viewpoint of value modeling and interpret the risk management problem as a control problem. Four steps of risk assessment are identified in the framework, forming the risk management cycle.

Abstract. This paper aims to develop a rapid and practical procedure that can locate the slip surface for a slope with the minimum reliability index for limit equilibrium analysis at the minimum expense of time. The comparative study on the reliability indices from different sample numbers using the Monte Carlo simulation method has demonstrated that the results from a large enough sample number are related to those from a small sample number with high correlation indices. This observation has been tested for many homogeneous and heterogeneous slopes under various conditions in parametric studies. Based on this observation, the reliability index for a potential slip surface can be calculated with a small sample number, and the search for the minimum reliability index and the slip surface can be determined by a heuristic optimization algorithm. Based on the comparisons between the critical deterministic and probabilistic slip surfaces for many different cases, the use of the proposed fast method in locating the critical probabilistic slip surface is found to perform well, which is suitable for normal routine analysis and design works.

We demonstrate that credit rating agencies aggravated the East Asian crisis. In fact, having failed to predict the emergence of the crisis, rating agencies became excessively conservative. They downgraded East Asian crisis countries more than the worsening in these countries' economic fundamentals would justify. This unduly exacerbated, for these countries, the cost of borrowing abroad and caused the supply of international capital to them to evaporate. In turn, lower than deserved ratings contributed – at least for some time – to amplify the East Asian crisis. Although this goes beyond the scope of our paper, we also propose an endogenous rationale for rating agencies to become excessively conservative after having made blatant errors in predicting the East Asian crisis. Specifically, rating agencies would have an incentive to become more conservative, so as to recover from the damage these errors caused to them and to rebuild their own reputation.