Suchergebnisse

With the perspective of urban morphology, this paper integrates historical maps to illustrate the morphological transformation of Boston Park System during 19th century. Based on such illustrations, cultural and political issues, geological issues and sanitary reform are concluded as main reasons for the transformations, thus to building up the relationship between space construction and its context.

Realistic environmental problems drive the growth of pro-environment behavior research, among which the most important progress is about the theoretical innovation and development of pro-environmental behavior. Thus, the main purpose of this paper was to review the literature and help researchers to understand the theoretical progress of pro-environmental behavior. This study systematically analyzed 1806 papers published in SCI-EXPANDED and SSCI databases. It presented the research overview of pro-environmental behavior in terms of status of literature publication, research hotspots and topics. On this basis, this paper further focused on key theoretical papers and summarized three paths of theoretical progress for pro-environmental behavior: theoretical development, theoretical exploration and theoretical integration. Along the theoretical development path, studies mainly apply theories of psychology, sociology and economics to analyze and explain the formation and consequences of pro-environmental behavior. In terms of theoretical exploration, existing studies propose and develop value-belief-norm theory, behavioral theories related to contexts and pro-environmental behavior decision models. Theoretical integration is the direction of future research, such as the combination of rationality and sensibility, and the combination of external and internal causes. Therefore, this paper summarized the theoretical progress of pro-environmental behavior and proposed future research directions, which contribute to its theoretical development.

How to effectively reduce the disparity between urban and rural medical healthcare has become a major global concern. In China, the government has issued a series of reform measures to address the gap between urban and rural medical care. To explore the impact of China's medical system reforms in improving health services in urban and rural areas and understand the factors promoting and hindering progress, we evaluated the healthcare system in Dalian City, China, from 2008 to 2017. The weighted TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) model was used to assess the development of the healthcare system in the different districts and employed the obstacle model to identify and analyze indicators that hinder progress in health services. Using the local spatial clustering function, we categorized the districts in terms of the hindrance type that significantly hamper the growth of the healthcare system. Our results show the healthcare system in Dalian's urban areas has steadily increased, while development in rural areas has been erratic. Although the urban–rural healthcare disparity has narrowed distinctly, sustained progress is not guaranteed. Based on the location theory, residents in urban areas are more affected by economic factors, while those in rural areas are more influenced by time considerations. When initiating healthcare reforms in urban areas, the impact of varying land prices and per capita disposable income should be considered. For rural areas, constructing more medical institutions to reduce the impact of time costs should be considered. We also found different factors that hinder the growth of the healthcare system for urban and rural areas. To address these impediments to progress, urban areas should pay more attention to coordinated development, while rural areas should address specific concerns based on local needs and conditions. More research on the progress in medical reform is crucial to provide reference and policy-guidance for countries facing similar concerns.