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The link between leadership and organizational performance has been a controversial issue. On the basis of the critique of previous research, this article puts forward an integrative indicator, which uses Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as an indicator to measure the leaders' impact on organizational performance. A comparative case study was applied to test the new approach. The findings show that leadership is transmitted through performance measurement, administrative ethics, and organizational learning. The organizational citizenship behavior could be employed as integrative indicator to compare leader's impact on organizational performance in the long term. A model of leadership transmitting mechanism is drawn.

We examine the welfare effect and policy implications of productivity shocks in a small open economy. With real business cycle models, productivity shocks are generally welfare improving. However, once we assign a big role to financial frictions, productivity shocks may become welfare deteriorating. These results are robust. Moreover, the policy implication hinges on preferences, policy specifications, and financial frictions.

A spatial latent class analysis model that extends the classic latent class analysis model by adding spatial structure to the latent class distribution through the use of the multinomial probit model is introduced. Linear combinations of independent Gaussian spatial processes are used to develop multivariate spatial processes that are underlying the categorical latent classes. This allows the latent class membership to be correlated across spatially distributed sites and it allows correlation between the probabilities of particular types of classes at any one site. The number of latent classes is assumed fixed but is chosen by model comparison via cross-validation. An application of the spatial latent class analysis model is shown using soil pollution samples where 8 heavy metals were measured to be above or below government pollution limits across a 25 square kilometer region. Estimation is performed within a Bayesian framework using MCMC and is implemented using the OpenBUGS software.

Prefabricated buildings that are more environmentally friendly have been vigorously promoted by the Chinese government because of the reduced waste and carbon emissions during the construction process. Most of the construction processes of prefabricated buildings are completed in the prefabricated component factory, but the safety risks during the hoisting process cannot be ignored. In this paper, the initial framework of a Bayesian Network (BN) is obtained from the combination of the improved Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Model (HFACS) and BN. The improved similarity aggregation method (SAM) is used to calculate the prior probability of BN, which can better summarize and deal with the fuzzy judgment of experts on risk accidents. The improved SAM can consider both the weight of experts and the relative consistency of their opinions, which is of great significance for improving the reliability of BN inputted data. This paper uses the construction project in Sanya, Hainan Province, to verify the validity of the model. The results show that the calculation results of the model are basically consistent with the actual situation. The safety risk of this project is relatively low, and the premise of unsafe behaviors and unsafe supervision are the key risk factors of the project. In addition to maintaining good construction conditions and workers' healthy states, it is also necessary to carefully check the performance of tower cranes and equipment such as spreaders. During the operation process of the tower crane, workers should avoid walking or staying within the hoisting range.

Human resource training contributes to developing an effective workforce that enhances their performance and adds value to the organization. These principles apply to educators' training programs that ensure the educational system and the infant and young children can gain an innovative curriculum. In essence, the skill development of educators is reflected in the proper development of children. These theoretical and practical skills cover all aspects of early childhood education and foster an attitude toward adaptiveness and innovation. And the current budgeting issues related to Early Care and Education (ECE) schemes and National Teacher Training Program (NTTP) in China have been discussed to indicate the gaps in the educational system and educators' training. The research is a qualitative study that has selected a specific research philosophy, approach and sampling techniques. It describes the barriers to effective educators' training and provides proper accommodations for constructing a cost-effective plan for them. A qualitative analysis has revealed that micro training and online training are beneficial strategies for managing the cost of their training while maintaining the quality of the training course. Additionally, government and local aid are necessary associating factors that ensure that an effective training system is required to close the gaps in ECE educators' training.

China is abundant in organic residues from agricultural and forestry efforts. Bulbus Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (BFC) is a precious wild herb of Liliaceae that grows in the Tibetan area of China and the bulbs are used as a source of medicine. The shortage of germplasm resources restricts the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, so improved cultivation methods are urgently needed. The objective of this study was to study the effects of different substrates on the growth of F. cirrhosa seedlings. Sawdust and vermi-compost are common organic residues and were selected as nursery materials to supplement efforts to cultivate Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don from ripe seeds and bulbs. The experiments were conducted in a plastic greenhouse in Ya'an of Sichuan Province from January to May 2013. Vegetative parameters of leaf length, leaf width, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and bulb size and fresh weight were measured. Additionally, the emergence ratio and preservation rate were calculated. The following results were obtained: (1) Sowing seeds of F. cirrhosa with 70% vermi-compost and 30% sawdust gave the best emergence rate, leaf length (60 days after seedling emergence, 60 DAS), and bulb dry weight (at harvest, 93 DAS). (2) The leaf nitrogen content (60 DAS) was positively correlated with the nitrogen content of bulbs (at harvest, 93 DAS). From the data, we concluded that forestry residues such as sawdust and vermi-compost can serve as excellent growing substrates of BFC seedlings.

AbstractContemporary economic and business settings have brought people of different cultures at the common workplace. This directs business researchers to study cross‐cultural similarities, differences, and management of employees, customers, and other stakeholders. This theoretical review is aimed to explore the variation in religion, practices, and their effects on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and practices. With an unfathomable analysis of relevant literature, this paper has highlighted the knowledge gap in the relationship of cross‐cultural differences and CSR. Subsequently, it presents three propositions in connection of religious variation and CSR disclosure and practice. Underpinning the practical difference in lifestyle of people having the same religious beliefs in different geographical areas, this article reflects that an extension in stakeholder theory may be suggested with the support of postempirical evidence.