Suchergebnisse

Shoot branching is a primary contributor to plant architecture, evolving independently in flowering plant sporophytes and moss gametophytes. Mechanistic understanding of branching is largely limited to flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, which have a recent evolutionary origin. We show that in gametophytic shoots of Physcomitrella, lateral branches arise by re-specification of epidermal cells into branch initials. A simple model co-ordinating the activity of leafy shoot tips can account for branching patterns, and three known and ancient hormonal regulators of sporophytic branching interact to generate the branching pattern- auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. The mode of auxin transport required in branch patterning is a key divergence point from known sporophytic pathways. Although PIN-mediated basipetal auxin transport regulates branching patterns in flowering plants, this is not so in Physcomitrella, where bi-directional transport is required to generate realistic branching patterns. Experiments with callose synthesis inhibitors suggest plasmodesmal connectivity as a potential mechanism for transport. ; We thank Catherine Rameau, Eva Sundberg and Klaus von Schwartzenberg for giving us mutant lines, Nik Cunniffe for his support with statistical analyses and Siobhan Braybrook for help with the scanning electron microscope. We thank our funding bodies for financial support. Yoan Coudert and Jill Harrison are funded by a BBSRC grant 'PIN proteins and architectural diversification in plants' (Grant BB/L00224811) and fellowships from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (GAT2962) and Royal Society. Ottoline Leyser and Wojtek Palubicki are funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (Grant GAT3272C) and by the European Research Council (Grant N° 294514—EnCoDe). Karin Ljung is funded by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and the Swedish Research Council (VR) and thanks Roger Granbom for excellent technical assistance. Ondrej Novak is funded by a Czech Ministry of Education grant from the ...

Electronic control of biological processes with bioelectronic devices holds promise for sophisticated regulation of physiology, for gaining fundamental understanding of biological systems, providing new therapeutic solutions, and digitally mediating adaptations of organisms to external factors. The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) provides a unique means for electronically-controlled, flow-free delivery of ions, and biomolecules at cellular scale. Here, a miniaturized OEIP device based on glass capillary fibers (c-OEIP) is implanted in a biological organism. The capillary form factor at the sub-100 mu m scale of the device enables it to be implanted in soft tissue, while its hyperbranched polyelectrolyte channel and addressing protocol allows efficient delivery of a large aromatic molecule. In the first example of an implantable bioelectronic device in plants, the c-OEIP readily penetrates the leaf of an intact tobacco plant with no significant wound response (evaluated up to 24 h) and effectively delivers the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) into the leaf apoplast. OEIP-mediated delivery of ABA, the phytohormone that regulates plants tolerance to stress, induces closure of stomata, the microscopic pores in leafs epidermis that play a vital role in photosynthesis and transpiration. Efficient and localized ABA delivery reveals previously unreported kinetics of ABA-induced signal propagation. ; Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research Council (VR)Swedish Research Council; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Onnesjo Foundation; VINNOVAVinnova; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [800926]; Marie Sklodowska Curie Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IFEF-ST, Trans-Plant) [702641]

We acknowledge support from the ERA-NET Coordinating Action in Plant Sciences program project ERACAPS13.089_RootBarriers, with support from Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant no. BB/N023927/1 to D.E.S.), the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant no. FR 1721/2-1 to R.B.F. and the AgreenSkills+ fellowship programme to MC-P which has received funding from the EU's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement N° FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract). This work was also funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (National Program for Sustainability I, grant no. LO1204), the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) and the Swedish Research Council (VR). We thank Kevin Mackenzie (University of Aberdeen–Microscopy Histology Facility) and Carine Alcon (BPMP-PHIV microscopy platform) for assistance using the confocal microscope and stereo microscope for observing the root samples, and the Swedish Metabolomics Centre (http://www.swedishmetabolomicscentre.se/) for access to instrumentation. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

El reloj circadiano endógeno permite a los organismos adaptar su crecimiento y desarrollo a los cambios ambientales. Aquí describimos cómo el reloj circadiano es empleado para coordinar las respuestas a la señal clave de las auxinas durante la aparición de la raíz lateral (LR). En la planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana, LRs proceden de un grupo de células madre de raíz profunda, que requiere que los nuevos órganos emerjan a través de tejidos subyacentes de la raíz. Nos informan que el desarrollo del reloj circadiano reprogramara a LR. El metabolito y los perfiles de transcripción revelaron que el reloj circadiano controla los niveles de auxina, incluyendo genes relacionados con la respuesta de auxinas AIA represor14 y la auxina oxidasa AtDAO2. Las plantas carecen de componentes de reloj del núcleo para indicar o exhibir la aparición de defectos en LR. Concluimos que los actos del reloj circadiano conducen a la señalización de la auxina durante el desarrollo de la LR para facilitar el surgimiento de órganos. ; The endogenous circadian clock enables organisms to adapt their growth and development to environmental changes. Here we describe how the circadian clock is employed to coordinate responses to the key signal auxin during lateral root (LR) emergence. In the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, LRs originate from a group of stem cells deep within the root, necessitating that new organs emerge through overlying root tissues. We report that the circadian clock is rephased during LR development. Metabolite and transcript profiling revealed that the circadian clock controls the levels of auxin and auxin-related genes including the auxin response repressor IAA14 and auxin oxidase AtDAO2. Plants lacking or overexpressing core clock components exhibit LR emergence defects. We conclude that the circadian clock acts to gate auxin signalling during LR development to facilitate organ emergence. ; Acknowledge Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)funding to the Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB) BB/D019613/1; U.V, K.S. and M.J.B. acknowledge funding from BBSRC grant BB/H020314/1; K.K., M.H.W. and K.S. acknowledge the support of the European Research Community Advanced Investigator Funding to M.J.B (FUTUREROOTS); D.M.W. and M.J.B. acknowledge BBSRC funding from grant BB/J009717/1 and U.V. and D.M.W. from the BBSRC Professorial Research Fellowship funding to M.J.B. grant BB/G023972/1; JSPS Fellowship to T.G., H.F. and M.J.B.; BBSRC funding for F.C.R and A.A.R.W. from grant BB/D017904/1; and Royal Society-Wolfson Merit Award to M.J.B. Work at the University of Liverpool by P.D.G and A.J.H was supported by the BBSRC/EPSRC-funded ROBuST SABR project BB/F005318/1 and BBSRC grant BB/K018078/1. M.L. and L.L. were supported by the Région Languedoc Roussillon ('Chercheur d'Avenir' grant to LL) and the Agropolis Fondation Rhizopolis project. B.P. acknowledges the support of an Intra-European Fellowship for Career Development under the seventh framework of the European Commission (IEF-2008-220506), an EMBO Long-Term Fellowship, a European Reintegration Grant under the seventh framework of the European Commission (ERG-2010-276662). K.L. acknowledges the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA)and the Swedish Research Council (VR). W.A.P. and A.S.M. acknowledge funding from the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station and DOE Physical Biosciences Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-13ER16405). ; peerReviewed

This work was supported by the awards from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [grant numbers BB/G023972/1, BB/R013748/1, BB/L026848/1, BB/M018431/1, BB/PO16855/1, BB/M001806/1, BB/P010520/1]; the European Research Council FUTUREROOTS Advanced Investigator grant [grant number 294729]; Leverhulme Trust [grant number RPG-2016-409]; Royal Society [grant number WM130021, NA140281]; Newton International Fellowship (NF140287) and British Council Newton Bhabha (228144076). This work was also supported by funds from the University of Nottingham Future Food Beacon of Excellence Nottingham Research and PhD+ fellowship schemes; the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office [P7/29]; the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA), and the Swedish Research Council (V.R.) to K.L. We also thank Roger Granbom (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) for technical assistance and Gabriel Castrillo for commenting on the manuscript text. Part of this work has been conducted at the Rice Functional Genomics REFUGE platform funded by Agropolis Fondation in Montpellier, France. We also thank DBT-CREST BT/HRD/03/01/2002. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF