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Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 17 1.1 Ausgangslage und Zielsetzung der Arbeit 17 1.2 Der Forschungsstand 20 1.3 Methodische Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit 23 2 Der politikwissenschaftliche Analyserahmen 27 2.1 Politikfeldanalyse 27 2.2 Politische Strategieanalyse 32 2.3 Der Ansatz der strategischen Politikfeldanalyse 38 3 Das Politikfeld der Elektrizitätspolitik 39 3.1 Elektrizitätspolitik als Teilbereich der Energiepolitik 39 3.2 Das Zieldreieck der Energiepolitik 41 3.2.1 Versorgungssicherheit 43 3.2.2 Wirtschaftlichkeit 46 3.2.2.1 Entwicklung der Strompreise seit der Liberalisierung 1998 50 3.2.3 Umweltverträglichkeit und Strommix 52 3.3 Zielkonflikte im energiepolitischen Zieldreieck 57 3.4 Pfadabhängigkeit in der Elektrizitätspolitik 60 3.5 Technisch-ökonomische Rahmenbedingungen 62 3.5.1 Besonderheiten der Stromversorgung und "natürliches Monopol" 62 3.5.2 Regulierung der Elektrizitätswirtschaft 66 3.5.2.1 Ursachen und Ziele staatlicher Regulierung in marktwirtschaftlichen Systemen 66 3.5.2.2 Die Regulierung des natürlichen Monopols in der Stromversorgung 69 3.5.2.2.1 Rendite-Regulierung 70 3.5.2.2.2 Anreizregulierung 71 4 Das Analysegerüst: Relevante Gesetze und Verordnungen 1998-2009 73 5 Internationale Ebene 76 5.1 Internationale Klimaschutzpolitik und Klimarahmenkonvention 76 5.2 Das Kyoto- Protokoll als Beginn eines internationalen Klimaschutzregimes 77 5.3 Die EU als entscheidender Akteur des Klimaschutzprozesses nach Kyoto 83 5.4 Zusammenfassung 84 6 Europäische Ebene 86 6.1 Träger und rechtliche Grundlagen europäischer Politik im Energiebereich 86 6.2 Politikfeldentwicklungen von 1996 bis 2009 90 6.2.1 Der Weg zum Elektrizitätsbinnenmarkt 90 6.2.1.1 Entwicklung vom Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs bis 1987 90 6.2.1.2 Die Bestrebungen für einen europäischen Elektrizitätsbinnenmarkt 92 6.2.1.3 Die Binnenmarktrichtlinie für Elektrizität 96/92/EG 97 6.2.2 Die Beschleunigungsrichtlinie 2003/54/EG 99 6.2.2.1 Politikgenese 99 6.2.2.2 ...

Until the 1990s, electricity policy in Germany showed a high legal and economic continuity. The German Energy Act as the regulatory framework of the electricity industry basicly didn´t change for more than 60 years after its passing in 1935. Due to the liberalization specifications of the European Commission to create a European internal market for energy, the traditional German energy supply system was fractionalized. The liberalization question resulted in the phalanx of the German electricity industry splitting into two groups: supporters and opponents. While the big interconnected firms saw their upcoming national and international expansion chances, especially the municipal companies, in particular, feared that competition could threat their existence. Until that time, the monopoly system was characterized by high electricity prices, big excessive production capacities and a fixation on large fossil and nuclear power plants. Additionally, the electricity industry protagonists showed a high resistance to modernization and innovation. The liberalization of the energy supply on all value added stages through the abolition of the old demarcation zones immediately created a completely new competition situation on the German electricity market. Conflictual constellations between the protagonists arose in a policy field, in which the company and association structures had not changed for decades prior. During that long period, strong cooperation relationships have been built between the electricity industry, the regulating authorities and the political decision-makers. On the interconnected companies level the liberalization led to a unprecedented market concentration. Their number decreased from nine to four. As a result of the liberalization and the changes of the market structure the association landscape finally erode as well. In parallel to that development, the red-green government coalition gained power in 1998, which pushed the electricity policy towards the overall objective of environmental compatibility of the electricity supply. Therefore, the year 1998 is the starting year for this doctoral dissertation as a strategic policy field analysis, which focuses on the protagonists of the electricity policy and their action motivations. The investigation period ends with the Bundestag election in 2009, so it includes three legislative periods in relation to the national level. Simultaneously, the increasing Europeanization of the policy field ensured the shift of decision-making power and growing conflicts between the national and the European policy level. During that time, the lines of conflict, policy processes and protagonist constellations mainly proceeded along the dominating trends of liberalization and the environmental compatibility of the electricity supply system and the resulting conflict of aims. However, the political and absolutely dominating trend during the investigation period has been the rising influence of the European policy level on the national policy field developments. Thereby, the European Commission has been the strategic centre of the Europeanization of the policy field, while the European parliament also continuously extended its influence.