Suchergebnisse

Standards that codify sustainability, such as Ethical Trade, Fairtrade, Organic and Rainforest Alliance, have become a common means for value chain actors in the Global North to make statements about the values of their products and the practices of producers in the Global South. This case study of Tanzanian tea value chains takes a closer look at how sustainability, in the form of SustainabiliTea, is done by actors who did not participate in defining and standardizing the form of sustainability with which they are meant to comply. Based on data collected during a multisited ethnography, I explore the performative nature of sustainability standards. The analysis reveals sustainable projects, sustainable markets, sustainable farm management, and sustainable qualities. These multiple SustainabiliTeas work together to construct a single vision of SustainabiliTea, which is a means to sustain the enterprise. I argue that the use of standards to guide performances makes some technical and political stakes visible while rendering others invisible. By paying attention to the residual categories, the tensions between knowledge and materiality, and listening to those voices at the margins, we see what is at stake in the maintenance of SustainabiliTea: survival in the tea market.

An introduction to pH Measurement : estimating the degree of purity of snow; Measuring soil pH; Introduction to ion chromatography -- Introduction to the visible spectrophotometer -- Visible spectrophotometric determination of trace levels of iron in groundwater -- Spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus in eutrophicated surface water -- Determination of anionic surfactants by mini-liquid-liquid extraction (MINI-LLE) in an industrial wastewater effluent using ion pairing with methylene blue -- Comparison of ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra of chemically similar organic compounds -- Determination of oil and grease and of total petroleum hydrocarbons in wastewater via reversed-phase solid-phase extraction techniques (RP-SPE) and quantitative Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy -- Determination of the degree of hardness in various sources of groundwater using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy -- Determination of lead in drinking water using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAA) : external standard vs. standard addition calibration mode -- A comparison of soil types via a quantitative determination of the chromium content using visible spectrophotometry and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry -- Data acquisition and instrument control using the Turbochrom chromatography software. an introduction to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) : evaluating those experimental parameters that influence separations -- Identifying the ubiquitous phthalate esters in the environment using HPLC, photodiode array detection, and confirmation by GC-MS -- An introduction to gas chromatography : evaluating experimental parameters that influence gas chromatographic performance -- Screening for the presence of BTEX in wastewater using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and gas chromatography : screening for THMs in chlorine-disinfected drinking water using static headspace (HS) gas chromatography -- Determination of priority pollutant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gasoline-contaminated groundwater using static headspace (HS) and solid-phase microextraction headspace (SPME-HS) and gas chromatography -- Determination of the herbicide residue Trifluralin in chemically treated lawn soil by gas chromatography using reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (RP-SPE) sample prep techniques -- Determination of priority pollutant semivolatile organochlorine pesticides : a comparison of mini-liquid-liquid and reversed-phase solid-phase extraction techniques -- Determination of priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil using RPHPLC-PDA with wavelength programming -- Determination of inorganic anions using ion chromatography (IC) : anion exchange IC with suppressed conductivity detection.

"Since it first aired in 1966, Star Trek has led American television into a more progressive era by presenting a diverse cast interacting as equals, demonstrating expertise and efficiency as they lead a starship across the galaxy. To this day, the Star Trek franchise strives to inspire viewers to find beauty in diversity and progress. In Social movements and the collective identity of the Star Trek fandom: boldly going where no fans have gone before, David G. LoConto explores the development of the Star Trek fandom from its uncertain beginnings in the 1960s, to the popularity explosion in the 1990s and its triumphant return in 2017. CoConto analyzes the cultural phenomena of Star Trek through a social psychological approach, using symbolic interactionist and strategic ritualization theories, as well as ideas from Habermas and Foucault to track the fandom's movements, values, and evolution."--

Gouverner par les métriques: enjeux et politiques des connaissances de la sécurité alimentaire

Gouverner par les métriques: enjeux et politiques des connaissances de la sécurité alimentaire

Gouverner par les métriques: enjeux et politiques des connaissances de la sécurité alimentaire

Assurance—an intermediary's guarantee of compliance with regulatory standards—is critical for legitimate governance within the sustainability field. This legitimacy classically depends on the degrees of separation that are needed between the RIT roles to create trust in regulators and enforce the compliance of targets. Following the emergence of the ISEAL Alliance—an apex organization of sustainability standards-setters—there has been a general shift in the sustainability field whereby standard-setters have delegated some of their authority to certifiers and accreditors. This article examines this movement, through the analysis of four different models of assurance, and reveals increasing complexity being built into private systems of regulation in the sustainability field. There is an increasing incidence of multiple actors who engage in processes of intermediation and accreditation, which is rising in importance. The result is empirical and conceptual confusion around previously sacred notions such as independence and conflict of interest as measures of regulatory effectiveness.

Assurance—an intermediary's guarantee of compliance with regulatory standards—is critical for legitimate governance within the sustainability field. This legitimacy classically depends on the degrees of separation that are needed between the RIT roles to create trust in regulators and enforce the compliance of targets. Following the emergence of the ISEAL Alliance—an apex organization of sustainability standards-setters—there has been a general shift in the sustainability field whereby standard-setters have delegated some of their authority to certifiers and accreditors. This article examines this movement, through the analysis of four different models of assurance, and reveals increasing complexity being built into private systems of regulation in the sustainability field. There is an increasing incidence of multiple actors who engage in processes of intermediation and accreditation, which is rising in importance. The result is empirical and conceptual confusion around previously sacred notions such as independence and conflict of interest as measures of regulatory effectiveness.

Assurance—an intermediary's guarantee of compliance with regulatory standards—is critical for legitimate governance within the sustainability field. This legitimacy classically depends on the degrees of separation that are needed between the RIT roles to create trust in regulators and enforce the compliance of targets. Following the emergence of the ISEAL Alliance—an apex organization of sustainability standards-setters—there has been a general shift in the sustainability field whereby standard-setters have delegated some of their authority to certifiers and accreditors. This article examines this movement, through the analysis of four different models of assurance, and reveals increasing complexity being built into private systems of regulation in the sustainability field. There is an increasing incidence of multiple actors who engage in processes of intermediation and accreditation, which is rising in importance. The result is empirical and conceptual confusion around previously sacred notions such as independence and conflict of interest as measures of regulatory effectiveness.

Cet article s'intéresse aux modalités concrètes du gouvernement par régime de standardisation tripartite. Cette forme de régulation alliant standards volontaires, certification et accréditation est de plus en plus utilisée dans de nombreux domaines de l'activité économique. À partir du cas de l'agriculture biologique, pour laquelle la certification par tierce partie accréditée a été imposée par l'Union européenne à partir des années 1990, nous montrons que cette régulation repose en réalité sur une imbrication de marchés, dont nous explorons les caractéristiques et les effets. Les marchés des produits biologiques sont étroitement imbriqués dans trois marchés de services (le marché des standards, de la certification, et de l'accréditation), dont les dynamiques concurrentielles expliquent la trajectoire d'européanisation puis de globalisation du secteur. Nous soulignons aussi les limites de ce mode de régulation, dans lequel le contrôlé paie le contrôleur et qui fait peser l'essentiel du coût et des contraintes du contrôle sur les agriculteurs. Ces limites génèrent des critiques croissantes au sein du mouvement pour l'agriculture biologique, certains acteurs proposant de revenir aux formes participatives de contrôle non marchand forgées par les militants initiaux. ; This paper focuses on the actual conditions of government by tripartite standardization. This form of regulation combining voluntary standards, certification and accreditation is increasingly used in many areas of economic activity. Taking the case of organic farming, for which accredited third-party certification was imposed by the European Union from the 1990s, we show that this form of regulation is in fact based on an overlapping of markets, whose characteristics and effects are explored in this paper. The market for organic products is closely intertwined with three markets in services (the markets for standards, certification, and accreditation), whose competitive dynamics explain the path of Europeanisation and globalization taken by the sector. We also point out the limits of this mode of regulation, in which the regulated pay the regulator and which places the bulk of the cost and the constraints of regulation on farmers. These limits have generated increasing criticism within the organic food movement, with some actors proposing to return to the participatory forms of non-market regulation forged by its early activists.

Knowledge is fundamental to our ability to change practices from unsustainable to sustainable ones (Grin, Rotmans and Schot, 2010). However, sustainability has often been described as a "wicked problem", where the knowledge needed to make this transition is often inconclusive and contested (Batie, 2008; Levin et al., 2012; Peters and Pierre, 2014). These "knowledge politics" (Baert and Rubio, 2012) suggest that we should be asking important questions as we develop policy advice, such as what types of knowledge and whose knowledge is taken into consideration in the development of sustainable food systems. If we look at food systems as the value chains and institutional arrangements that connect consumption and production, we see that different actors need different types of information and are willing to trust different types of knowledge about sustainable practices. Drawing upon results from an international survey of 15 institutional innovations in linking sustainable practices with markets that was carried out by FAO and INRA, we reflect upon how these innovations are placing an emphasis on different types of knowledge as the basis for the adoption of sustainable practices. These results shed light on the type of information and knowledge required by different actors in sustainable food systems.