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Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: The Current Legacy of Geographies in Mediterranean Europe -- References -- Part I: The Great Contributions of Mediterranean Geographical Thought -- Chapter 2: Geography as a Social Science in Portugal -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Evolution: The Institutional Establishment of the Discipline -- 2.3 Education: If Geography Is a Central Discipline in School, Student Education Is Also Essential for Geography -- 2.4 Research: Expansion, Internationalization and Interest Widening -- 2.5 Politics, Policies, Planning and Organizations: Geography Out of School -- 2.6 Links, Paths and Challenges -- 2.7 Towards a Southern Europe or a Mediterranean Geography? -- References -- Chapter 3: Spanish Geographical Thought in the Present: Its Influence and Original Proposals in a Context Dominated by Tradition -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Spanish Geography in the First Two Decades of the Twenty-First Century: General Characteristics -- 3.2.1 The Academic and Professional Consolidation of Geography in Regional and Democratic Spain (1975-2009) -- 3.2.2 The Challenges of the Current Situation: The Impact of the Crisis (2009-2019) -- 3.3 The Internal Weaknesses of Spanish Geography -- 3.3.1 The Persistence of Academic Conservatism -- 3.3.2 The Predominant Themes in the Work of Spanish Geographers -- 3.4 Original Proposals of the Geographical Thought of the Present -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Geography and Territorial Planning in Italy -- 4.1 The Reasons Behind a Missed Opportunity -- 4.2 Geography and Urban Planning: The Origins of a Debate -- 4.3 A Renewed Regional Geography Does Not Match the Planning -- 4.4 The New Planning Directions and the 'Vast Area' Problem -- 4.5 The Illusion of Administrative Reorganisation -- 4.6 The Geographers Have Worked on Planning Nonetheless -- 4.7 Potential Convergences for the Future.

The 'Europe 2020 Strategy' was issued in 2010 by the European Commission. This document constitutes a growth scheme for the decade 2010-2020 that aims to help the European Union to emerge from the current crisis through the so-called smart, sustainable and inclusive dimensions of growth. In this context, the basic aim of the SIESTA ("Spatial Indicators for a 'Europe 2020 Strategy' Territorial Analysis") Project has been to illustrate the territorial dimension of the 'Europe 2020 Strategy'. In other words, to show how this document acts territorially, particularly at the regional scale, but, when possible, also at the urban level. The SIESTA Project has been funded by ESPON ("European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion"), a European Commission Programme whose mission is to support policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory. This book includes most of the main findings and conclusions obtained through research of the SIESTA Project. The contents were presented and discussed as keynote addresses or communications at the SIESTA Final Conference held in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, on 4-5 April 2013.

Este trabajo asume las montañas de Galicia como una realidad construida. En particular, analiza la aportación que ha realizado la Geografía, como disciplina, y la Ordenación del Territorio, como su vertiente aplicada y política, a dicha construcción discursiva. Se parte de una revisión teórica y metodológica de la bibliografía existente dedicada a las representaciones académicas, sociales, políticas o culturales de las montañas. En el primer apartado analítico se estudia la cartografía y el conocimiento geográfico preacadémico de los últimos siglos, período en el que domina una imagen caótica de las montañas gallegas. A continuación se consideran las décadas de 1970 y 1980, momento clave en el que la Geografía institucionalizada fija la lectura preponderante de las montañas gallegas que llega a fecha de hoy. Finalmente, se explican los desarrollos investigadores y de ordenación del territorio producidos en las últimas décadas: el diagnóstico común insiste en el carácter periférico y marginal de las montañas gallegas, pero los mecanismos de gestión o planificación específicos y los compromisos de acción parecen ausentes. ; This work analyses how the Galician mountains can be seen to be a constructed reality created by the discipline of Geography and through the applied and policy-focused approach of planning. It begins by a theoretical and methodological review of the literature on the academic, social, political or cultural representations of the mountains. The first analytical section focuses on the haphazard representation of mountains in Galicia during the period before the advent of formal geographic and cartographic approaches. The paper then considers the 1970s and 1980s, a key period when institutionalised Geography developed a normative understanding of the Galician mountains, which is still current. The paper concludes by outlining recent research and planning debates around the Galician mountains that conclude that the areas are seen as peripheral and marginal suffering from a lack of specific spatial management, planning and implementation mechanisms.

This work considers that it is important to debate the question of federalism from the point of view of Political Geography and Geopolitics. The article's main goal is to analyse the territorialization processes conducted by the governments of each federal unit (the Brazilian states) in order to legitimize their capacity of autonomous action within the federation. From this standpoint, the key question turns out to be 'How do the governments of the federal units handle their autonomy to elaborate and execute investment strategies within their territories?' The paper focuses on the state of Bahia, which will be analysed in relation to two terms, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010, during which two clearly distinct territorial development plans were elaborated and put in place, respectively. ; En este trabajo, se debate sobre la temática del federalismo abordado desde el punto de vista de la Geografía Política y la Geopolítica. Así, la intención del mismo es analizar el proceso de territorialización dirigido por el gobierno de cada unidad federativa (los estados brasileños), con el objetivo de legitimar su capacidad de acción autónoma dentro de la federación. Desde esta perspectiva, la cuestión central es: ¿de qué forma el gobierno de las unidades federativas se comporta ante la autonomía que le fue concedida, para ejecutar estrategias de inversiones en su espacio de gestión? El objeto de estudio será el estado de Bahía, que se analizará considerando dos períodos gubernamentales, 2003-2006 y 2007-2010 respectivamente, cuando se elaboraron y ejecutaron propuestas bien diferenciadas para el desarrollo del territorio. ; Neste artigo, considera-se importante discutir o tema do federalismo abordado do ponto de vista da Geografia Política e Geopolítica. Assim, a intenção principal é analisar o processo de territorialização dirigido pelo governo de cada unidade federativa (os estados brasileiros), com o objetivo de legitimar sua capacidade de ação autônoma dentro da federação. Nessa perspectiva, a questão central é: como o governo das unidades federativas se comporta diante da autonomia que lhes foi concedida, para elaborar e executar estratégias de investimento em seu espaço de gestão? O objeto de estudo será o estado da Bahia, que será analisado considerando dois períodos de governo, 2003-2006 e 2007-2010, respectivamente, quando propostas bem diferenciadas para o desenvolvimento do território foram elaboradas e executadas.

UID/SOC/04647/2013 ; The adoption of the euro accelerated the dependent financialisation of the Portuguese economy, which remained structurally backward despite its integration into global finance. The flow of foreign credit towards the real estate, infrastructure, and construction sectors since the mid-nineties fueled the suburban expansion of Lisbon and the abandonment of its historic centre until the crisis of 2008. After the collapse of that model of urban development, Lisbon's historic centre became a space of opportunity for global real estate investment offering high profitabilities in the international short-term-rental and premium markets. With thousands of abandoned dwellings and tenants paying very low rents, the rent gap of the historic centre was enormous. Since many residents of that territory were tenants paying controlled rents, it became necessary to change the lease regime in order to rapidly and easily evict them and let investors engage in the transformation of the area. The new urban lease regime liberalised the rental market and triggered the actualisation of rents above the capacity of many tenants in a context of rising demand for rental housing and strong austerity policies ―and evictions multiplied. The non-regular resident tax regime was implemented by the Portuguese government to attract foreign high-skilled professionals and pensioners. Under this special regime, foreign citizens benefit from a reduced flat personal income tax rate of 20% and any pension income generated abroad is totally tax exempt ―even when not taxed in the country of origin. As a corollary, housing supply for conventional use has dropped significantly and prices have increased dramatically in the historic centre as tourist apartments proliferate and foreign investors multiply. Urban regeneration fuelled by tourism and international investment has not stopped the loss of residents in this area, while the impossibility for many locals to find affordable housing there constitutes a worrying outcome of Lisbon's ...

Spain and Portugal's entrance into the EEC in 1986 propelled their bilateral relations. This landmark event fostered contact among territorial collectivities on both sides of the Spanish-Portuguese border, which for the last decades had acted as an insurmountable barrier. In the context of a full integration in Europe, and due to the cooperation policies promoted within the communitarian frame, the meaning of the border varied from dislike and closure to openness and contact (i.e., from barrier to bridge). New ways of communication are opened between Iberian actors; such is the case in the so-called Galicia-North of Portugal Euroregion. This contribution seeks to make a balance of the strengthening of relations in economic, political, social and institutional terms in this cross-border region. The border as a territorial and touristic resource will be emphasized as an element that contributes to Euroregional integration. ; La entrada de España y Portugal en la CEE en 1986 supuso un relanzamiento de las relaciones bilaterales. Asimismo, promovió el contacto entre colectividades territoriales a ambos lados de una frontera, la hispano-portuguesa, que había funcionado como una verdadera barrera en las últimas décadas. Integrados plenamente en Europa, y gracias a las políticas de cooperación auspiciadas en el seno del marco comunitario, la frontera pasa de ser un motivo de repulsión y cierre a otro de apertura y contacto (de barrera a puente). Así, se abren nuevas vías de comunicación entre actores ibéricos, como ha ocurrido en el contexto de la denominada Eurorregión Galicia-Norte de Portugal. En esta aportación, se repasará brevemente el fortalecimiento de las relaciones a nivel económico, político, social e institucional en dicho espacio. Se incidirá de manera especial en la frontera como recurso territorial y turístico, elemento que coadyuva a la integración eurorregional. ; A entrada da Espanha e de Portugal na CEE em 1986 contribuiu na reativação das relações bilaterais. Promoveu também o contato entre coletividades territoriais em ambos os lados de uma fronteira, a hispanoportuguesa, que havia funcionado nas décadas anteriores como uma autêntica barreira. Integrados plenamente na Europa e nas políticas de cooperação fomentadas no marco comunitário, a fronteira deixa de ser um motivo de repulsa e bloqueio para funcionar como fonte de abertura e contato, ou seja, passa de barreira a ponte. Desse modo, abrem-se novas vias de comunicação entre atores ibéricos, como tem ocorrido na denominada Euro-região Galícia-Norte de Portugal. Após discutir essas questões, se apresentarão brevemente neste artigo o fortalecimento das relações nos domínios econômico, político, social e institucional em dito espaço. Uma ênfase especial será dada à fronteira como recurso territorial e turístico, elemento que contribuir para a integração euro-regional.

The 'Europe 2020 Strategy' was issued in 2010 by the European Commission. This document constitutes a growth scheme for the decade 2010-2020 that aims to help the European Union to emerge from the current crisis through the so-called smart, sustainable and inclusive dimensions of growth. In this context, the basic aim of the SIESTA ("Spatial Indicators for a 'Europe 2020 Strategy' Territorial Analysis") Project has been to illustrate the territorial dimension of the 'Europe 2020 Strategy'. In other words, to show how this document acts territorially, particularly at the regional scale, but, when possible, also at the urban level. The SIESTA Project has been funded by ESPON ("European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion"), a European Commission Programme whose mission is to support policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory. This book includes most of the main findings and conclusions obtained through research of the SIESTA Project. The contents were presented and discussed as keynote addresses or communications at the SIESTA Final Conference held in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, on 4-5 April 2013.

En el presente artículo se hace una aproximación al estado de la cuestión de la ordenación del territorio en Galicia. Se comienza con un repaso de las investigaciones habidas hasta la fecha sobre esta temática. A continuación se realiza un análisis pormenorizado de los retos actuales en materia de planificación territorial en Galicia, que debieran tener como referencia un marco normativo que, según la Lei de Ordenación do Territorio de Galicia, tendría que partir de unas Directrices de ámbito regional que, finalmente, serán aprobadas con un gran retraso y sin consenso en el año en curso. Ello contrasta con una desaforada producción legislativa en urbanismo, con sucesivas leyes del suelo, que lejos de suponer una asentada jurisprudencia, sólo indican la carencia de un acuerdo político mínimo en las cuestiones que afectan de modo directo al territorio. Se finalizará el trabajo con una serie de reflexiones sobre cuál debiera ser el camino a seguir en el futuro en materia de ordenamiento territorial en Galicia ; This article looks at the current state of affairs in the sphere of spatial planning in Galicia. An initial overview of the literature published to date on this topic is followed by a detailed analysis of the present-day challenges facing spatial planning in Galicia, which should in theory be seen in the light of a regulatory framework which, according to the Lei de Ordenación do Territorio de Galicia (Galician Spatial Planning Act), would stem from a series of regional Guidelines that after much delay, and with no political consensus having been reached, are finally set to be approved this year. This contrasts sharply with the proliferation of town planning legislation, in the form of a succession of land laws which, far from producing a firmly-grounded jurisprudence, only point to the lack of a minimum level of political agreement in matters with a direct effect on the territory. The study concludes with a series of reflections on what should constitute the way forward regarding spatial planning in Galicia ...

La crisis económica y social que afecta al conjunto de Europa coincide en España con una crisis institucional y política de gran calado que pone en cuestión las bases mismas del sistema político vigente. Uno de los aspectos más destacados de esta crisis es la extensión de las reivindicaciones independentistas, que han tomado particular relevancia en Cataluña.Las cuestiones espaciales -la distribución territorial de los recursos, el trazado de las infraestructuras, los ámbitos lingüísticos, la articulación del mapa administrativo- se encuentran en el mismo centro de este debate. Por ello, la reflexión geográfica resulta especialmente relevante a la hora de aportar argumentos y claridad en las discusiones en curso

Il contributo propone un approccio analitico allo studio del fenomeno del film-induced pilgrimage tourism lungo uno dei più storici e rilevanti itinerari culturali europei: il Cammino di San Giacomo di Compostella. Lo studio combina una revisione del cinema giacobeo con le statistiche relative ai pellegrini giunti a San Giacomo di Compostella nell'ultimo decennio. Tale esercizio persegue come obiettivo analizzare le ripercussioni del cinema giacobeo come fattore d'attrazione del Cammino di San Giacomo in qualità di meta turistica. Prendendo in considerazione il ruolo dei produttori, si propone una riflessione sulle azioni e politiche di marketing adottate dalla Comunità Autonoma della Regione Galizia finalizzate alla promozione del Cammino di pellegrinaggio, la Cattedrale e la città di San Giacomo di Compostella. Sino ad oggi, il cinema ha svolto un ruolo marginale con rispetto alle guide turistiche e alla letteratura giacobea, ma ultimamente il suo impatto nel mercato internazionale sta crescendo. Di recente, il film statunitense The Way può essere considerato il primo promotore del film-induced tourism, poiché l'arrivo di pellegrini dagli Stati Uniti è aumentato dopo la proiezione dello stesso nel 2010 ; This research paper proposes an analytical approach to the study of the phenomenon of the film-induced pilgrimage tourism, along one of the most historical and relevant European cultural route: the Way of St. James or Camino de Santiago. In the present study, and in order to point out the relation between film broadcast and film-induced tourism, we combine the review of the Jacobean cinema with the statistical analysis of the pilgrims arrived to Santiago de Compostela during the last decade. So, our main aim is to analyse the repercussion of the Jacobean Cinema in the attractiveness of the Way of St. James as tourism destination. We take into consideration the role of the film producers and we also ponder on the marketing policies of the Autonomous Community, which are aimed at promoting the pilgrim's routes, ...

"This handbook presents the great contemporary challenges facing cities and urban spaces in Latin America and the Caribbean. The content of the multidisciplinary book is organized into four large sections focusing on the histories and trajectories of urban spatial development, inequality and displacement of urban populations, contemporary debates on urban policies, and the future of the city in this region. Scholars of diverse origins and specializations analyze Latin American and Caribbean cities showing that, despite their diversity, they share many characteristics and challenges, and that there is value in systematizing this knowledge to both understand and explain them better and to promote increasing equity and sustainability. The contributions in this handbook enhance the theoretical, empirical and methodological study of urbanization processes and urban policies of Latin America and the Caribbean in a global context, making it an important reference for scholars across the world. The book is designed to meet the interdisciplinary study and consultation needs of undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, urban design, urban planning, sociology, anthropology, political science, public administration, and more"--

Since the last decades of the 20th century, the narrative of a world without borders, where territorial relations are no longer determined by States, has been gaining strength among academics and decision-makers. Transnational cooperation projects such as the European Union (EU) seem to demonstrate that borders no longer represent economic, political and social discontinuities. These new scenarios have opened a new phase in the relations between the territories of Spain and Portugal and overcome the historical separation. This is a rapprochement reflected in the creation of cross-border cooperation structures and in the decades of constantly growing economic relations between both countries, although the process was slowed by the economic crisis beginning in 2008. In this paper, the focus is the evolution of these relationships and also an analysis of the effectiveness of cooperation as an adequate means for overcoming the effects of the crisis. Since the crisis ended, cross-border relations between Portugal and Spain have regained their vigour, especially at the local and regional levels. Thus, thanks to cultural, social and economic complementarities, cooperation can overcome the limits of States and be conceived as an effective instrument for territorial development. ; En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, los discursos sobre un mundo sin fronteras, donde las relaciones territoriales ya no son determinadas por los Estados, ganaron fuerza entre académicos y decisores políticos. Los proyectos de cooperación transnacional, como los que están en la base de la Unión Europea, parecían demostrar que las fronteras dejaban de significar discontinuidades económicas, políticas y sociales. Estos nuevos escenarios permitieron abrir una nueva fase en las relaciones entre territorios de España y Portugal y superar su separación histórica. Este acercamiento se refleja en la creación de estructuras de cooperación transfronteriza y décadas de constante crecimiento de las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. Este proceso ...

Researchers, planners, and decision makers admit the need to take into account the social conflicts inherent to invasive species management in order to minimize controversy. These conflicts are mainly based on differences in values systems, thus causing antithetical policies in environmental management. On the topic of Eucalyptus plantations, this paper studies two cases in Galicia, a region under an emerging social fight between advocates and opponents: firstly, we analyze a local community that is progressively eradicating Eucalyptus through the principles of ecological restoration; and secondly, a planning initiative led by a local government with a common goal. In order to set the spatial and social dimensions of the conflict, the methodological approach is based on the components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perception theory. The results are discussed with the purpose of examining to what extent the case studies imply a new model of rural governance, and in this respect, are transferrable to other situations. We conclude that institutional non-interference in Eucalyptus management facilitates the emergence of diverse new governance practices in the local scale but endures the conflict in its regional dimension ; This research is supported by the PhD scholarship "Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral" provided by the Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria) to D.C. (grant number ED481A-2018/263) and the research grant "Consolidación e estruturación. 2016 GRC GI-1871 Análise territorial" provided by the Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenamento Universitario) to the ANTE Research Group, directed by R.-C.L.-G. (grant number ED431CR-2016/010). ; SI